Segmenting Business Markets free essay sample

In this lesson, we will discuss concepts and applications related to Business to Business (B2B) market segmentation. Market segmentation involves breaking down a large heterogeneous market into smaller homogeneous markets. Separate marketing programs – the marketing mix can then be developed to meet the needs of each segment. Concentration of marketing solutions is the key component of all marketing plans, and market segmentation is the tool that allows marketers to achieve this focus. Segmentation also helps marketers to satisfy customers while meeting their organization’s objectives. A segmentation base is a characteristic or variable of individuals, groups, or organizations that is used to divide a total market into segments. Markets can be segmented using a single or multiple variables. The five bases of segmentation commonly used in the B2C marketplace we learned are: 1. Geographic is based on region, size, density, and climate characteristics. 2. Demographic is based on age, gender, income level, ethnicity, and family life-cycle characteristics. We will write a custom essay sample on Segmenting Business Markets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Psychographic includes personality, motives, and lifestyle characteristics. 4. Benefits segmentation identifies customers according to the benefits they seek in a product. 5. Usage segmentation divides a market by the amount of product purchased or consumed. Bases for Segmenting Business Markets: We know that the business market consists of four broad segments described as producers, resellers, institutions, and governments. However, just as with consumer markets, further segmentation can help B2B marketers to better refine their marketing mix. Company characteristics, such as geographic location, type of company, company size, and product can be used as segmentation variables. Customer type allows business marketers to customize their programs to the unique needs of particular types of organizations or industries. Information from sources such as Statistics Canada , U. S. Census Bureau and the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) are used by many marketers to tailor programs to specific business sectors. Firmographics is a term often used to describe this segmentation based on various characteristics of an organization. What demographics are to consumer markets, Firmographics are to organizations. Commonly-used firmographics include employee size, revenue size, industry, number of locations and location of headquarters. Marketers typically combine several variables to define a Firmographics profile of their target market customers. Food for thought: Jeffrey Henning, Founder VP, Strategy at Vovici (Voice of the Customer technology solutions) provides historical notes on the introduction of the concept of Firmographics and its uses in B2B marketing including a template that you might find useful! How they buy segmentation is another variable that can be very useful to marketers developing programs for the business buyer. The descriptors of these high level attributes are: a. ) Satisficers usually contact familiar suppliers and place an order with the first to satisfy product, delivery requirements or other purchase criteria the organization might establish. b. ) Optimizers consider numerous suppliers, both familiar and unfamiliar, and then solicit bids and analyze options. Governments and Non profit organizations generally utilize this approach. Size of the order or cost will also factor in to whether the buying organization will be a satisficer or an optimizer. For this reason marketers must be careful not to oversimplify when assigning this segmentation base. A growing trend in business marketing is the development of market segments based on the characteristics of the individual buying influencers found in the target customer organizations that have been identified through Firmographics. The Buyers personal characteristics or psychographics can influence their buying behavior and therefore offer a viable basis for segmenting in many business markets. These characteristics include: * Demographic characteristics * Decision style * Tolerance for risk * Confidence level * Job responsibilities Psychographics are extremely useful data to gather, but not essential for all businesses. Obviously more critical in the consumer space it can also help in B2B businesses by defining potential customer attitudes to the products/services offered. Many marketer’s have taken this concept further with the development of buyer personas to facilitate and fine tune the marketing messages directed at their most sought after customers. Adelle Revella, a thought leader on product and marketing strategies delivers further insights on this topic in her Buyer Persona Blog. Other B2C market segmentation bases such as Benefits sought and Usage rate may also be applied in business markets. The aim of market segmentation is to arrive at clusters of like-minded companies to allow marketing programs to focus on the subset of prospects that are most likely to purchase. There is a very strong pressure to use segmentation in B2B markets to win a competitive advantage where there is little to differentiate one product offering from another. Segmentation therefore links strongly with a firm’s marketing strategy to achieve a sustainable differentiated position. Market Strategies for Business Market segmentation is the first step in determining whom to approach about buying a product. The next task is to choose one or more target markets – the group of people or the organizations for which the firm will design, implement and maintain a marketing mix. This stage is the Target Market strategy or Targeting strategy and is characterized by the marketer’s decision about market approach. There are three distinct strategies that may be elected. Let’s refresh our memories. A. Undifferentiated Marketing Strategy This means the market is treated as if it were one similar market segment. It focuses on the common needs of the group rather than the differences. Its advantage is that it keeps costs down for marketing and similar related efforts. It works best with organizations that offer stable type products such as gasoline. An undifferentiated targeting strategy is essentially a mass-market philosophy—viewing the market as one big market and using one marketing mix. It is the least successful B2B targeting strategy a marketer can adopt. B. Multisegment Marketing Strategy Is a strategy that chooses two or more well defined market segments for which the organization will develop and maintain a unique marketing mix. Often the core product will remain the same but the firm develops separate marketing messages, pricing, promotion material and so forth. An example of this strategy is found at Halogen Software, the human resources or talent management solution providers. Halogen has developed core software components. By packaging the core software with additional resources Halogen can appeal to different B2B market segments. Halogen Software has â€Å" optimized† solutions (product/services) for human resource professionals in healthcare, financial services, education, and manufacturing and maybe more. C. Concentrated Marketing Strategy The concentrated targeting strategy is a marketing approach based on appealing to a single segment of a market. It focuses a firms marketing efforts on a single segment or market niche. A firm can concentrate on understanding the needs, motives, and satisfactions of the members of one segment and on developing and maintaining a highly specialized marketing mix.

Ginger and Turmeric Essay Example

Ginger and Turmeric Essay Example Ginger and Turmeric Essay Ginger and Turmeric Essay Ginger and Turmeric Introduction Ginger Ginger and turmeric are categorize in the same household, Zingiberaceae, along with cardamon ( White 2007 ) ( Leal 2003 ) . The most often used herbal addendum is Zingiber officinale, which is the scientific name for ginger ( White 2007 ) . The scientific name of ginger, Zingiber officinale, was created by Linaeus a Swedish phytologist from the eighteenth century. Linaeus named ginger after Singabera, or shaped like a horn, which is an Indian Sanskrit ( Hoffman, 2007 ) .Ginger is known for its overpowering odor and gustatory sensation and besides for its medical usage to cut down sickness ( White 2007 ) . The well-known olfactory property of ginger is from the ketones, one of these ketones is gingerol ( White 2007 ) . The strong gustatory sensation that ginger possesses is from phenylproanoids, non pungent fats and waxes ( Hoffman 2007 ) .Ginger s gustatory sensation is known when its hydrocarbon dress suits unite with its receptors ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginerols and zingerone are the n on-volatile phenylpropanoids that contribute to ginger s gustatory sensation ( Hoffman 2007 ) .The dehydrated signifier of these molecules are gingerols and shogals which has a batch stronger gustatory sensation ( Hoffman 2007 ) . The rootstock, which is a steam, is usually consumed but is referred to as the â€Å"ginger root† ( White 2007 ) . Ginger can be consumed in many signifiers of which are as juice, dry power, sirup or even in pill signifier for easy digestion ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Fresh ginger does non incorporate zingerone but one time cooked the piquant sweet spirit of zingerone appears from ginerol change overing into zingerone ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Turmeric : Curcuma longa, or turmeric, is known for being an Indian spice ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric is located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, China, the Caribbean Island and South America ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . Turmeric is known for the peculiar reign of Asia and the Middle Eastern states ( Tayyem et al. , 2006 ) . In India, the mean ingestion of Curcuma longa is about 2 to 2.5 gms, this means that the ingestion of curcumin is anyplace from 60 to100 mg a twenty-four hours ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . Turmeric is used in nutrients for its xanthous colour and spirit ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) .Turmeric has been used in laxatives and as a pesticide ( Negi etal. , 1999 ) .In 1910, Lampe and Milobedzka, discovered what made the celebrated xanthous colour in Curcuma longa, which is curcumin ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Medically turmeric is known for its anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, antimutagenic and anti-inflammatory activities ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . When curcumin is taken by oral cavity it has a low bioavailabilit y ( Tayyem et al. , 2006 ) . Turmeric has many effects on the Deoxyribonucleic acid by suppressing the devastation, take downing the mutants and assisting fix DNA ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . It was besides shown that the degree of detoxicating enzymes addition with the sum of Curcuma longa ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . Turmeric is autochthonal to the topical part of South and Southeast Asia ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . The manner that Curcuma longa is used in nutrient in India is that it is fried or it is boiled and at these elevated temperature this still did non impact Curcuma longa s ability to forestall mutations ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . Historical Use Ginger Ginger has been historically used for colds, febrilities, digestive jobs and to increase the appetency ( White 2007 ) . Ginger has been referred to in the antediluvian passages in states like China, Ancient Rome, India, Arabia and Greece ( Olgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Ginger has been utilize in legion of ways because of its olfactory property and besides in culinary ways by adding it to throng, drinks, staff of lifes and Sweets ( Olgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Ginger has been used for diarrhoea, gastritis, and sickness for 1000s of old ages in Asiatic medical specialty ( Olgoli et al. , 2009 ) . In China and Thai ginger has been used in commanding sickness and emesis in pregnant adult females ( Olgoli et al. , 2009 ) . For 1000s of old ages, ginger has been used for medical intents every bit Wellss as a culinary spice added to nutrient for its colour and spirit ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger has been discussed in many ancient Indian, Arab, Chinese, Greek and Roman medical text on the medical used o f it and was referred to as the cosmopolitan medical specialty in India ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger has been used for jobs related to the respiratory and digestive piece of lands every bit good as a quinine water for the bosom and a paste to assist with concerns and hurting articulations due to arthritis ( Hoffman 2007 ) . The GI piece of land has been benefited a great trade from ginger by suppressing stomachic ulcers, increasing digestion enzymes, and bettering the secernment of gall ( Chen et al, 2007 ) . There is a wild ginger located in Hawaii that is used for cuts, contusions, sores, fungous tegument infections, painful articulations, sprains, concerns, stomach aches and odontalgias ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Turmeric Turmeric was used as a intervention for diseases related to redness in Ayurvedic medical specialty ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric was used in historically in Indian medical specialty for arthritic upsets, GI upsets, for lesion healing and even for taking worm from people and animate beings to cosmetics ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . Turmeric in paste signifier has been used on poulet syphilis, little syphilis, and rubeolas ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . In India there is land that is set aside for the growing of spices and condiment ; 60 per centum of that land is used for the growing of Curcuma longa ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . For spiritual ritual Curcuma longa has been used as dyes for non merely fabric but besides used on the tegument ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . Bioactive Ingredient Ginger Two bioactive ingredients of ginger are shogaols and gingerols which act like antioxidants ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . There are extra compounds in ginger infusion that stop the turning of micro-organisms and consequence the growing of specifically Mycobacterium TB and Mycobacterium avium ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . Another bioactive ingredient of ginger is zingerone, it helps with the bar of diarrhoea due to pathogens ( Chen, 2007 ) . The bioactive ingredients of ginger, that make ginger known for its map of being an: antioxidant, anti-angiogenesis, anti-cancer, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti inflammatory are gingerol, shogoal, and paradol ( Hanim et al. , 2008 ) . The manner these molecules are able to posses all of these belongingss is by cut downing the figure activity of atomic factor-kappa B. Nuclear factor-kappa B is of import in the ability for the cell to multiply and organize new blood vass. When atomic factor-kappa B inhibited it hinders the formation of new blood vass and the c ells ability to quickly multiply ( Hanim et al. , 2008 ) . Saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are all found in ginger ( Ghayur A ; Gilani, 2005 ) . ( Hoffman 2007 ) Tumeric Curcuminoids are a bioactive ingredient in Curcuma longa that has antioxidant belongingss ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . In a reaction that requires polykedtide synthase, two p-coumaroyl-CoA molecules are joined together with a malonyl-CoA molecule to let go of a H2O molecule and signifier curcuminoids ( Ramirez-Ahumada et al. , 2006 ) .There are three types of curcuminoids, they are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemthoycurcumin ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric has the largest sum of curcumin compared to other spices ; turmeric is 3.14 per centum curcumin and can be up to 9 per centum curcuminoids ( Tayyem et al. , 2006 ) ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . The carbonyl group in curcumin has been related to how turmeric may assist with forestalling malignant neoplastic disease ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . Curcumin is virtually H2O indissoluble because it s a lipotropic polyphenol molecule ( Jurenka 2009 ) . In add-on, curcumin can last the acidic content of the tummy ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Another of import group of ingredients in Curcuma longa are the volatile oils ; rumerone, zingiberone, and atlantone ( Jurenka 2009 ) . ( Ahmed A ; Gilani, 2008 ) Modern Use Ginger Related to Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea The manner that ginger prevents purging is non a known mechanism ( White 2007 ) . But what is considered is that ginger stops the binding of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and has an consequence on the GI system along with the cardinal nervous system to forestall emesis ( White 2007 ) . Ginger has shown to hold a positive consequence on cut downing sickness and emesis related to both gestation and station operation ( White 2007 ) . Pregnant adult females taking ginger by capsule have shown to see positive consequences by holding a lessening in sickness and emesis ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Womans who are pregnant and sing sickness and emesis should take 250 milligram of ginger four times a twenty-four hours ( White 2007 ) . In China, United Kingdom, and Thailand ginger is listed on the pharmacopeias list for being an of import drug for pregnant adult females because of its ability to diminish sickness and emesis ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . In a survey with pregnant adult females, 77 pe r centum of the adult females had a major betterment in the badness of sickness and 67 per centum had a lessening in frequence of purging when utilizing ginger sirup ( Ozgoli et al, 2009 ) . When ginger is taken by either capsule or sirup at that place was a positive consequence in cut downing sickness ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Levine et Al. found that sickness was slowed down during chemotherapy interventions when ginger was combined with protein ( Levine et al. , 2008 ) . In a recent survey done by Chen et al. , they found an extra benefit to ginger, that it prevents diarrhoea ( Chen et al, 2007 ) . The manner ginger halt diarrhoea is by suppressing the B fractional monetary unit of heat-labile enterotoxin from attaching to the ganglioside GM1 ( Chen et al. , 2007 ) . Ginger and Arthritis There are varied positions on whether ginger has any consequence on alleviating hurting from arthritis ( White 2007 ) . There was a survey that showed a important difference in cut downing arthritis symptoms in the articulatio genus with the utilizations of ginger infusion but another survey said that it may merely be in the first stage of intervention that symptoms are reduced ( White 2007 ) . Patients taking ginger in the pulverization signifier have noticed a lessening in swelling and hurting ( White 2007 ) . There has non been much research on the usage of ginger rubbing oil but it is an option to ease the hurting from inflamed articulations ( White 2007 ) . In a survey performed on rats, the topics were injected with polyarthritis which is like inflammation and annoyance to the tegument, arthritic arthritis, and degenerative arthritis and each rat s articulatio genus was measured before redness ( Levy et al. , 2006 ) .One group of rats was given 6.2 mg/kg of 6-shogaol per a twen ty-four hours, this group had much lower sum of swelling in the articulatio genus compared to the control group ( Levy et al. , 2006 ) .After 28 yearss of the test, the puffiness of the 6-shogaol group was about every bit low as the perimeter of the articulatio genus measuring before the test began ( Levy et al. , 2006 ) . The manner that 6-shogaol reduced the redness was by maintaining monocytes, macrophages, leucocyte, and lymphocytes in the blood and suppressing the motion of them into the synovial pit ( Levy et al. , 2006 ) . Ginger and Heart Disease One of ginger s known belongingss is consequence on cholesterin, which is known as hyocholesterosterolamic, holding low entire cholesterin and low denseness lipoprotein are to of import constituents in cut down hazard for bosom disease ( A1-Amin et al. , 2006 ) .Ginger may take down the hazard of bosom disease by mooing cholesterin and thinning the blood to forestall coagulums from organizing ( Hoffman 2007 ) . In a survey performed on rats, when taking ginger day-to-day the blood cholesterin of the rats was reduced but had an reverse affect on blood sugar by increasing it in the rats ( Srinivasan 2005 ) High blood force per unit area is another hazard factor in holding an addition hazard for bosom disease. The ginger root has been shown in surveies utilizing rats to be lower high blood force per unit area but there are really few surveies done with worlds ( Chen et al. , 2009 ) . The two ingredient of ginger that has a lower consequence of blood force per unit area are 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol but the mechanism of how they do it is unknown ( Chen et al. , 2009 ) . When rats were given ginger there was a 44 per centum lessening in blood cholesterin degrees. After seven hebdomads of ginger intervention at that place was a 41 per centum lessening in triglycerides in these same rats ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . Ginger and Anti-inflammatory agents Ginger can be consumed as tea or you can inhale the bluess through steam, this is a method usage to diminish redness in upper respiratory infections like grippe, sinusitis, colds and bronchitis ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger has besides been good in adult females who experience painful catamenial rhythms ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger and Antimicrobial Activity Ginger infusion slows down the growing of two bacteriums, Mycobacterium TB and Mycobacterium avium. This is a really important happening due to the addition of TB the past few old ages and the addition in drug immune Mycobacterium TB ( Leal et al, 2003 ) . Patients who are immune compromised benefit from the antimicrobic activity of ginger ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . Ginger and Diabetes There have been assorted reappraisals on if ginger has blood glucose heavy effects and if it beneficial to diabetics. Some surveies show that it lowers blood glucose in both diabetic and non-diabetic animate beings but it besides shows that ginger has increased blood glucose degrees ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . In a trail with rats that had been by experimentation induced with diabetes they found that ginger could assist in the intervention of diabetes ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . The group of rats that had diabetes that were treated with ginger had a 52 per centum lessening in their blood glucose degrees ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . The non-diabetic rats did addition weight through this test and the control diabetic group lost weight ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . The diabetic rats that were treated with ginger, at the terminal of the test had maintained their weight ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . The protein degrees present in the piss of the rats that were given ginger had decrease by 60 p er centum ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . In the diabetic rats that were administrated ginger, there was a decrease in both urine elimination every bit good as H2O ingestion ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . Ginger enhances the release of insulin from the beta cells in the pancreases ; this is one of the few mechanisms that result in a good result on people with diabetes ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . Ginger and Cancer The induction of atomic factor-kappa B is stopped by ginger root, which will suppress the growing of the tumour cell and the ability of new blood vass to provide blood and foods to the tumour ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . Ovarian malignant neoplastic disease cells have shown to decelerate down and even halt growing in the presences of 6-shagoal, a constituent of ginger ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . After one to five yearss of ovarian malignant neoplastic disease cells being in the presence of ginger the growing of the cells slowed down. With the dose ranging every bit high as 50 micrograms/ul to every bit low as 30 micrograms/ul of ginger there was grounds of decelerating down of the cell growing of the malignant neoplastic disease cells ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . Prostate malignant neoplastic disease, colon malignant neoplastic disease, GI malignant neoplastic disease, and chest malignant neoplastic disease has been reduced in happening with the addition of ginger and other functional nutrie nts ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . With the fillet of atomic factor-kappa B, this shows that another benefit to ginger is that it is anti-neoplastic ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . There was a lessening in the spreading of malignant neoplastic disease in the lungs when a bioactive ingredient of ginger, 6-gingerol, was administrated to mice ( Yance A ; Sagar et al. , 2006 ) . Turmeric and Anti-inflammatory The inflammatory diseases that benefit from Curcuma longa are inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, arthritis, certain malignant neoplastic diseases and chronic front tooth uveitis ( Jurenka 2009 ) . There are many ways that curcumin, in turmeric, decreases redness for illustration the down ordinance of cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) and lipoxygenase ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Another manner that redness is reduced is to halt the formation of inflammatory cytokines. Some of these cytokines are interleukin -1, -2, -6, -8 and -12, migration inhibitory protein, tumor mortification factor-alpha ( TMF-alpha ) and monocyte chemoacttractant protein ( MCP ) ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-kB ) is inhibited by curcumin, which prevents the action of inducible azotic oxide syntheses and Cox-2 ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Nuclear factor kappa B is affects redness, the growing of a new tumour, cell growing and division, and transmutation ( Jurenka 2009 ) . When taking 50 to 200mg/kg of curcumin, in mice, there was a smaller happening of hydrops and at 48mg/kg there was an even smaller happening of hydrops by 50-percent ( Jurenka 2009 ) . When there has been harm to the mucosal cells, for illustration Ulcerative Colitis, curcumin is shown to cut down the redness ( Jurenka 2009 ) . When giving curcumin to rats with Ulcerative Colitis, that was induced by experimentation, there was a lessening in redness and advancement in cut downing badness of symptoms ; this was besides true in rats that had by experimentation induced pancreatitis ( Jurenka 2009 ) . When comparing curcumin to phenylbutazone and a placebo, which was lactose pulverization, 400mg of curcumin showed the best consequences in diminishing redness in patient after surgery ( Jurenka 2009 ) . A survey done on patients with an inflammatory oculus disease, anterior uveitis, there showed a positive consequence from the usage of curcumin. There were two groups, one took 375 milligram of curcumin entirely and the other group took the 375mg of curcumin combined with antitubercular therapy. Following two hebdomads of these therapies, the group that took merely curcumin at that place was a 100 per centum betterment but the group with the combination of curcumin with the antitubercular therapy merely had an 86 per centum betterment ( Jurenka 2009 ) . In animate beings, curcumin has slowed down multiple induration ( Fahey et al. , 2007 ) Turmeric and Gastric Ulcers When a survey was done, on patients diagnosed with peptic ulcers, curcumin showed an absence of ulcers at their cheque up. Patients were told to take 600mg of curcumin 30 to 60 proceedingss prior to eating a repast, so at 4:00 autopsy and one time once more anterior to traveling to bed, so approximately five times a twenty-four hours. This survey was conducted for 12 hebdomads and in a 3rd of the manner through the survey 48 per centum of the patients did non hold any ulcers. When the 12 hebdomads were over 76 per centum of patients were absent of ulcers ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric and Arthritis When rats were given 4mg/kg of curcuminoids per a twenty-four hours four yearss before arthritis inducted injection there was a 75 per centum lessening in joint redness in a rats with acute arthritis and a 68 per centum lessening in joint redness in rats with chronic arthritis ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Due to low degrees of soaking up, they decided to see if unwritten curcuminoids would diminish joint redness. Four yearss before given the arthritis inducted injections the rats were given a high unwritten dosage of curcuminoids, by the 3rd twenty-four hours there was a 48 per centum lessening in joint redness. This showed that the unwritten consumption of curcuminoids can still take down joint redness in respects to arthritis ( Jurenka 2009 ) . There was a decrease in conceited articulations and stiffness in the forenoon and an addition in walk-to clip for people with arthritic arthritis when taking 1200 milligram of curcumin a twenty-four hours ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Four yearss before the inje ction, the rats were given 23mg/kg/day of curcuminoids ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . In an acute inflammatory province, there was an suppression of 64 per centum and an even better consequence with chronic arthritis with a 72 per centum suppression ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . Funk et Al. found that whether it is a big sum of fraction Curcuma longa or a little sum of curcuminoids that are have been purified, they both have shown to hold benefits to arthritis and assist stamp down it ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . However they do believe that the more harmless and more successful signifier is purified curcuminoids ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . Turmeric and Cancer The ability to forestall rapid cell growing and the ability to do signaling that will ensue in cell decease are two of import ways curcumin has show to halt the growing of malignant neoplastic disease ( Fahey et al. , 2007 ) . When curcumin stops the actions of signal transducer and activator of written text 3, this promotes the decease of the malignant neoplastic disease cell ( Fahey et al. , 2007 ) . Curcumin has thought to hold consequence that can suppress the growing of malignant neoplastic disease and many surveies have shown that curcumin has stopped the formation of malignant neoplastic disease cells ( Jurenka 2009 ) . There are many mechanism of how curcumin lessening the hazard of malignant neoplastic disease. High degrees of COX-2 have been related to malignant neoplastic disease ; therefore curcumin is good by diminishing COX-2 and NF-kB ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Lipoxygenase is used to metabolise arachidonic acid, when this occurs scavenging free groups are formed. The manner c urcumin has anti-cancer activity is it interferes with lipoxygenase to decelerate down the metamorphosis of arachidonic acid, which reduces the free groups ( Jurenka 2009 ) . The growing of malignant neoplastic disease cells is slowed down when curcumin reduces the happening of inflammatory cytokines IL -1B, IL-6, and TNF-a ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Protein kinase C is an intercellular signaling protein in which intervenes on the rapid growing and redness of the cells, curcumin down-regulates these enzymes to cut down the growing of tumours ( Jurenka 2009 ) . The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant actions of curcumin play a large function in its bar of malignant neoplastic disease ( Tayyem et al.2006 ) . In colon malignant neoplastic disease nowadays in animate beings, curcumin slowed down the growing of tumours ( Tayyem et al. , 2006 ) . Turmeric and Irritable Bowel Syndrome ( IBS ) One of the most often experienced symptoms of Cranky Bowel Syndrome is abdominal hurting. In an eight hebdomad survey done on patients with Cranky intestine syndrome patients were divided into two groups and administrated 72mg of turmeric infusion or 144mg of turmeric infusion ( Jurenka 2009 ) . . Half manner through the survey the happening of IBS had decrease by 53 per centum in patients taking 72 milligram of turmeric infusion and there was a 60 per centum decrease in patient taking 144mg of turmeric infusion. When the survey was complete at that place was a 22 per centum lessening in abdominal hurting in patients taking 72mg and a 25 per centum lessening in patients having 144mg of turmeric infusion ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric and Blood Glucose Levels In some surveies, they found that Curcuma longa has a positive consequence on glucose tolerance ( Srinivasan 2005 ) . In people taking curcumin, an active ingredient in Curcuma longa, they were able to take down their fasting blood sugar degrees, which resulted in their insulin dose decreasing ( Srinivasan 2005 ) . In a survey that looked at rats with diabetes, the rootstock infusion exhibited lower degrees of blood sugar degrees ( Srinivasan 2005 ) . The decision, of the survey was that people that are diabetic will profit from 1 gm of turmeric power with a healthy diet ( Srinivasan 2005 ) . Turmeric and Heart Disease Turmeric s anti-oxidant belongingss help in the combat against bosom disease. When Curcuma longa was from one to five per centum of the diet within four hebdomads cholesterin and triglycerides had decreased while HDL had increased ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . In a 60 twenty-four hours test, a group of people were given 20 milligram of curcumin. At the terminal of the test the degrees of high denseness lipoprotein and low denseness lipoproteins peroxidation concentration had been reduced from anyplace between 25 per centum to 50 per centum ( Bosca et al. , 1997 ) . Turmeric and Alzheimer s Disease When looking at the population if India, there was a noticeable nexus between Alzheimer s disease and Curcuma longa. Turmeric is a greatly used spice in India and the prevalence of Alzheimer s disease is lower in India when compared to the United States ( Calabrese et al. , 2003 ) . There is non much scientific happening on turmeric suppressing Alzheimer s disease and the manner it is done is unknown ( Ahmed A ; Gilani, 2008 ) . When detecting the activity of AChE and the curcuminoids, bisdemethoxycurcumin was the most powerful curcuminoid while curcumin was the least effectual curcuminoid ( Ahmed A ; Gilani, 2008 ) . In the trial to analyze memory keeping, they used rats that had scopolamine-induced memory loss and the Morris H2O labyrinth. After being injected with hyoscine, the rats were given either a mixture of curcuminoid or either bisdemethoxycurcumin, or curcumin. All curcuminoids, either the mixture or separately, showed reverse effects of the scopolamine-induced memory lo ss, which showed that curcuminoids could be used for handling Alzheimer s disease ( Ahmed A ; Gilani, 2008 ) .In the encephalon, curcumin reduces the oxidative emphasis, lower the sum of plaque and inhibits redness. These actions are cardinal constituents in forestalling Alzheimer s disease but this can besides play a portion in suppressing the development of Parkinson s disease besides ( Lim et al. , 2001 ) . Turmeric and Antibiotics Activity One of good know maps of Curcuma longa is its ability to suppress the growing of bacteriums. Turmeric has shown to suppress the growing of many bacteriums including, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( Negi et al. , 1999 ) . Other bacteriums that is inhibited by ginger is Helicobacter pylori ( De et al. , 2009 ) . Gram positive bacteriums required a batch less measure of turmeric oil than gm negative to suppress bacteriums ( Negi et al, 1999 ) . Gram positive merely required 50 ppm to suppress the growing of bacteriums but 200 autopsy was require to suppress the growing of gm negative bacteriums ( Negi et al. , 1999 ) . Safety/Toxicity Ginger Ginger is listed on the WHO monograph and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration s safe herb list ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Ginger may impact the GI piece of land somewhat and do pyrosis, diarrhoea, and annoyance to the oral cavity but besides these symptoms ginger does non do any inauspicious effects ( White 2007 ) . In animate beings, ginger had inotropic effects which lead to arrhythmia ( White 2007 ) . It has been shown that 1,000 milligrams a twenty-four hours of ginger is safe and has had better consequences than the higher doses ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Ginger ingestion should non transcend 4 gms a twenty-four hours and ginger should non be given to kids under the age of 2 ( Hoffman 2007 ) . If person is on Coumadin they should look into with their physician about taking high dosage of ginger ( White 2007 ) . Patients should speak to their primary attention doctor about taking Coumadin and ginger they both holding blood thinning effects ( Hoffman 2007 ) .There needs to be more research on inauspicious consequence and drug interaction with ginger ( White 2007 ) . If person has bilestones, they need to speak to their physician about taking ginger as a medical specialty due to the ginger increasing the flow of gall ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger has no inauspicious effects on the results of gestation and is a safe and practical merchandise to be used ( White 2007 ) . The authority of ginger additions when it is in pulverization signifier, so it is advised that pregnant adult females do non take ginger in powdery signifier ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Turmeric Turmeric has shown to be a really safe addendum. In a human test that lasted for three months they were administrated 8 gms of curcumin a twenty-four hours and determined that it was safe ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . Surveies have shown that it is safe to take up to 8 gms of curcumin, an ingredient in turmeric, on a day-to-day bases ( Jurenka 2009 ) .The merely concern with Curcuma longa is hepatotoxicity ; in two surveies done with rats and mice hepatotoxicity was demoing up in trial ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . In one survey, rat and mice were given a diet of 5 per centum Curcuma longa and turmeric infusion for 90 yearss at that place were inauspicious consequence of weight loss, alteration in the weight of the liver, and hepatotoxicity ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . Another survey performed on mice, within 14 yearss of the survey there were marks of hepatotoxicity ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . The diet was made of 0.2 per centum to 5 per centum Curcuma longa and a.05 per centum to 0.25 per centum ethanolic turmeric infusion ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . In human surveies at that place seem to be no job with hepatotoxicity and Chainani Wu believes this because worlds metabolize curcumin more easy than rats ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . In the survey done by Bosca et al. , they had non inauspicious side consequence on the liver from Curcuma longa ; they looked at liver enzyme and monitored the bilrubin degrees ( Bosca et al. , 1997 ) . If patients are taking chemotherapy drugs they should speak with their physicians ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Curcumin can suppress every bit good as enhance chemotherapy drugs, so it is of import to discourse the type of drug you are taking with your physician ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Patients on anticoagulant and antiplatetlet medical specialties should speak to their physicians before taking high doses of curcumin ; because of its ability prevent thrombocyte collection ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . If patients are enduring from bilestone before taking big dosage of turmeric they should discourse it with a physician. The contractions of the gall bladder are increased when taking curcumin ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . Decision Both ginger and Curcuma longa have been proven safe by many surveies and have shown great benefits to the wellness of persons. Turmeric and ginger both have shown to diminish negative effects of diabetes, bosom disease, arthritis, and malignant neoplastic disease. Both of these spices show antimicrobic and anti-inflammatory belongingss. There seem to be no damaging side consequence of taking ginger or Curcuma longa, so there is no injury seeking to add more into your diet. As with adding any addendum it best to take in moderateness and reach your primary attention doctor.

To what extent does the European Union policy of free movement of Essay

To what extent does the European Union policy of free movement of persons discriminate against the non-European 'others' - Essay Example The paper tells that the EU (European Union) policy concerning free movement within its member states has, in many quarters been taunted to be extremely discriminative in nature.This policy on free movement of persons tend to, in particular, discriminate against people from other parts of the world- the non Europeans, commonly referred to as â€Å"others†. The E.U’’s hostility towards immigrants has been discussed at length in various forums. A very important aspect of the said immigration policy that many find not friendly is in the treatment of people who are from troubled countries, for instance due to problems like wars, lawlessness and require humanitarian assistance like, for instance refugees. In most cases helpless and poor or stateless individuals who basically throw themselves around or on the mercy and sympathy of the state that they deem safe, seeking refuge from ill treatment in their country of origin have always had it rough upon attempting to gain entry in countries that subscribe to the European Union. For the sake of highlighting the xenophobic treatment and approach that immigrants face countries like France, United Kingdom and Italy will be used because they are believed to be very notorious for this kind of discriminative treatment. Majority of these member states always claim that with the steady rise of terrorism and related activities worldwide they have all the reasons to be discriminative against anybody coming into their country. Another commonly blamed excuse, which to them is a major concern, is the national and regional security of the various nations that allow people to cross over their borders. They have this mentality that terrorists and other people with ill intensions are very likely to come in from overseas2. These kinds of concerns and worries often lead to very thorough and intrusive security checks and scrutiny and stringent visa requirements and in the process discouraging immigration, short term and temporary visitors from other parts of the world and even the movement that people like having within their continent and countries. There has been frantic search to solutions to this tight regulations and even pressure from all over the world for European Union to loosen some of the aspects of the immigration policy and inspections to create an ample environment which can help promote tourism and other developmental aspects like relocation and transfer of businesses to other countries from, for instance, destabilized countries or better yet regions3. Since most of the member states of the European Union allow free movement of individuals within the union under an exemption commonly known as Schengen arrangement which many immigrant refers to as the discriminative extra communitarian movement of individuals i.e. non-European Union citizens4. This is, indeed an irony in the sense that the European Union allows movement of individuals freely within its various member states but unfor tunately takes a very tough and harsh approach towards immigrants from non European Union countries. This xenophobic treatment and approach of the European Union is basically rooted in very complex historical, political, social and economic contexts which this paper intends to intensively and extensively look and discuss in details. Historical Historically, even before the establishment of the European Union, most of the countries that are now in the union had a negative attitude towards people moving into their countries because they believed that such moves would create competition for the available resources .The historical perspective and aspects of the heinous xenophobic approach that EU had, greatly affected the ambitions and desires of many immigrants who really yearned to visit or even temporarily move into the EU

You can choose the topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can choose the topic - Research Paper Example In the ‘experience machine’ proposed by Nozick, we may be brought to ask – how can one be infinitely happy in a setting where no knowledge or feeling of pain is evident? How is it ever possible in a virtual sphere of living to attain true happiness if in this world we have no way of distinguishing pain from pleasure since pleasure is all there is? Apart from any form of suffering or unpleasant experience, it would be difficult to figure out what being truly happy is like for our basic concept of happiness is normally derived from the notion of its opposite. Moreover, Nozick’s virtual machine, as it is by nature, would bear no potential of subjecting us to the challenges which form the essence of life as we have been significantly aware of through our regular encounter of reality. Dwelling in an ‘experience machine’ occurs to be an equivalent of living in a place where no one can be expected to pay regard for the value of ethics. All that matters herein is pleasure in its ultimate level or concentration so that each individual finds no required commitment to care or even think of someone else’s welfare. Apparently, such person may go through the typical course of virtual life in which one solely lives for oneself, a rather selfish endeavor to ponder about. To assure there could be eternal bliss in a place that mechanically generates object of happiness and takes full control of our senses to be conditioned towards the state of mirth alone and with no trace of low-spiritedness is impossible. As human beings who have initially become acquainted and accustomed to the several truths found in reality, we see our external differences from each other and know primarily that our distinct character traits from the rest of our kind exhibit the fact that each one of us is unique. Because of this, the meaning of happiness may be established as one and the

A Stakeholder In A Pharmaceutical Organization Commerce Essay

A Stakeholder In A Pharmaceutical Organization Commerce Essay A stakeholder in a pharmaceutical organization is an individual or a group of people with one common goal and interest towards the ownership and activities of the organization (Daft, 2011). In a general organizational setup, stakeholders can be divided into two categories, the primary stakeholder and the secondary stakeholder. The primary stakeholders have the utmost responsibility in a company. They include the company suppliers, consumers using the companys pharmaceutical product, the medical research institute, employees working in the organization and the company shareholders. The primary stakeholders form the basic fundamental foundation towards a companys success or failure because of their participation in the direct economical situation. The secondary stakeholders do not have an integral part in the economic process but they are as useful as the primary stakeholders are. These include the government, trade unions, the media, and political parties and action groups (Hellriegel , Jackson Slocum, 2007). In terms of management, having an organization run by individuals can result to the greed and misuse of finances. According to research carried out, about sixty nine percent of corporate executives do not consider the general publics best interest while making decisions and another ninety four percent of corporate executives make their decisions first and foremost on the foundation of making an advancement in their own line of business (Daft, 2011). In modern companies, there are two forms of ownership. The ownership theory of a company is one form of ownership. Here an individual owns the company. The sole purpose of the company is to make great profits over the years with its stakeholders interests at heart. The stakeholder theory of ownership is the other form of company ownership. This theory argues that such companies have the sole responsibility of promoting good work ethics and create value for the society. Even though the stakeholder theory aims at making profits, it should s trive to ensure it creates a source of income for others especially the large community. Corporate stakeholders and respond to their issues Corporate management Stakeholders in a pharmaceutical company are divided into stages. The first stage of stakeholders includes the key management of the company like the corporate executives, marketing, and the leaders who offer their opinion regarding the pharmaceutical industry like the consultants. Their key issue is to establish a growth strategy of the company, enhance transparency, and manage potential harm towards stakeholders and the society and code of ethics among the various departments in the company (Kolb Schwartz, 2009). Since the community and the pharmaceutical company are interdependent, the main purpose of the company is to maintain and adapt to the corporate social responsibility (Hellriegel, Jackson Slocum, 2007). A good example is the risks involved when it comes to patients and drugs. An ideal management in a pharmaceutical company would consider the provision of drugs, which will help increase chances of survival instead of trying to avoid patient risk. Regulatory Institutions The second third stage of pharmaceutical stakeholders includes the regulatory institutions. Regulatory institutions are establishments that take part in ensuring the drugs that have been manufactured are of the right quality, and manufactured as per the stipulated mandate and drug manufacturing requirements (Freeman, Velamuri Moriarty, 2006). When a drug has been developed and it meets the requirements of the relevant drug regulatory body, it obtains permit for consumption by the society. A regulatory stakeholder is of great importance especially in the society. It helps prevent the sale of medicine, which is of low quality or medicine sold by pharmaceutical companies that can be detrimental to ones health. The regulatory bodies are also responsible in promotion of manufactured drugs to the market and in the process, they help influence the companys investments and expertise. The regulatory institutions act as consultants regarding drug related issues. Marketing The third stage of pharmaceutical stakeholder involves the marketing team in the company. Marketing pharmaceutical drugs require good advertising skills and sufficient consumer research. Employing the use of strategic marketing is appealing and attracts the end user. This method also helps in dealing with companies that produce similar drugs known as Me-Too drugs. Me-Too drugs have similar chemical compound to the existing drug and they perform similar action performance towards ones body. Good marketing strategy of the pharmaceutical organization will ensure the genuine drug that has been produced is sold at a fairly reasonable price and curb competition from other companies (Freeman, Velamuri Moriarty, 2006). Research and Development Another important stakeholder in this stage is the team that takes part in research and development of a pharmaceutical drug. The biopharmaceutical research and industry paves way to discovering new and efficient drugs (Babler, 2011). Past medical research has been conducted on traditional medical outcomes and remedies then regarded as a discovery. Due to modernized biological technology, research has focused on understanding the different diseases and how they affect the human immune system. This extensive research has also led to discoveries of how to manipulate the human body in a bid to counteract the disease without damaging the cells inside ones system (Babler, 2011). Through research, development of new drugs has become possible. As stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry, scientists who carry out biopharmaceutical research with the help of doctors, chemists and regulatory experts work together to ensure there is the successful development of a drug and it has been approve d for consumption (Babler, 2011). This helps in providing a clean source of treatment to the society. End User The end user is the fourth stage of pharmaceutical stakeholder ship. This includes the general public, patients, health providers, health related institutions and the government. The doctors and hospitals as the health providers ensure that approved drugs manufactured and sold by the pharmaceutical companies are put to the right use. Certain drugs like morphine are addictive and if misused, they could turn to be dangerous and lethal therefore the need to be under control. It is only the medical practitioner who is in a position to administer use of such pharmaceutical drugs. The government has a major role to play in the pharmaceutical industry. One of its core roles is the funding of research and development of medical related devices (Babler, 2011). They help in creating incentives for smaller pharmaceutical companies so that they may come up with an independent research on new patent drugs. The government through the Food and Drug Administration is also responsible for approval of safe drugs that are effective (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). The government through the congress is responsible for coming up with stringent measures regarding the manufacture of drugs and fraud related cases by pharmaceutical companies (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). The role of the industry in its economic, political and social setting Economic role In the society, a business enterprise is the basic unit of the economy (Daft, 2011). The pharmaceutical company being a business institution produces goods for consumption and services too. These goods and services are essential for a societys well being because the drugs are used to treat various diseases that affect individuals. In the process, the company strives ahead and maximizes its profits for the companys shareholders and team members. This in turn improves the economy of the nation since the workers earn a living, the government taxes are paid and other stakeholders including the society benefit from the company. An example includes the Pfizer pharmaceutical company, one of the largest drug related companies, which is involved in offering grants and scholarships to institutional based healthcare facilities. They are also involved in scholarship programs with the neediest individuals in the society thus making them better individuals (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). Over the p revious years, the American pharmaceutical companies are making such tremendous milestones in terms of economic development as compared to other manufacturing related companies (National Academies Press, 2012). When it comes to price regulation of drug in the society, the pharmaceutical company plays an important role. With the emergence of new pharmaceutical companies, the drug industry has become competitive to the extent of the existence of market power in the economy because of the production of patent drugs (Danzon, 2006). In the American health care, insurance companies have taken a major role in ensuring the American citizens get the required medical treatment at a subsidized price. This move has enabled the pharmaceutical companies to lower the prices of their drugs to suit the needs of the American economic society. In addition, the pharmaceutical companies have resulted to address the economic issues of the society through developing drugs that have the same effect as the patent drug known as me too and then repackaging into similar quantities but in different sachets or economic friendly containers so as to suit the financial capabilities of the majority in the society. At the sa me time, this move boosts the corporate sales due to the increase in market demand. Price regulation in a country affects the availability of drugs in the country as well as other countries Social role In a society, there are rules and guidelines that ought to be followed for an effective and cordial relationship. These rules define the importance of what a good society ought to be. The pharmaceutical companies being part of the society have to follow the legal rules with regard to the corporate rules (Hellriegel, Jackson Slocum, 2007). The major role of a pharmaceutical company to the society is discovering and developing new vaccines and drugs (Babler, 2011). HIV and AIDS are a major challenge to the society, and numerous pharmaceutical companies have undertaken an indepth research of determining the cure with about two hundred different drugs and vaccines both in developing and developed nations (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). Most pharmaceutical companies opt to conduct such research independently but others would try and incorporate the stakeholders. According to most of the pharmaceutical companies vision of creating and developing quality medicines to save millions of lives and at the same time improve the global lifestyles of people, these industries have continued to expand their all time efforts in making sure the needy patients in the society receive the medicines they require (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). One corporate social responsibility the pharmaceutical company has towards the social well being is by addressing the issue of HIV and AIDS. These companies have created platforms that increase the awareness among potential victims. The companies have also ensured the ease of use and convenience of patient friendly and potent drugs, together with disease therapy acts at ensuring the well being of a society (Freeman, Velamuri Moriarty, 2006). This move is crucial towards maintaining the corporate stakeholder relationship and trust. In the long run, the sick patient will be faithful in taking the pharmaceutical companys medication to manage the disease better and the company would have obtained its financial gains together with the patient trust on their products. Political role In the drug manufacturing companies, the pharmaceutical companies are by far the majority producers of drugs and they have an expected global budget of about sixteen billion dollars (Abraham, 2002). The demand market of a pharmaceutical company is tremendously high regardless of the economy (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). Each and every new day there are new cases of disease outbreaks that require urgent medical attention. The health care remains constant regardless of the changing economic conditions (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). These pharmaceutical companies make a lot of money in the form of profits at the expense of the majority of the American citizens and in most cases, citizens from the third world countries. Even though the pharmaceutical companies are making tremendous steps in addressing eminent diseases, the public health interests of individuals and the commercial interests of the pharmaceutical company tend to coincide (Abraham, 2002), thus making clinical trials become hard and expensive because human rights activists have addressed this issue and many developed countries tend to avoid such participation. In the American political scene, pharmaceutical companies do not have the mandate to distribute drugs directly to patients. They pass through the government related health care agencies (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). These agencies are responsible for determining and handling the import and export regulations. These government agencies tend to have an important political factor in determining the manufacturing, production and distribution of certain companies. Since the state management is responsible for protecting and ensuring the safety of the general publics health, they have developed a system that regulates the drugs from the pharmaceutical companies (Abraham, 2002). These regulations can confirm whether the drugs produced are safe, and they meet the standards for consumption by people. In developing a drug in America, it takes six years for the drug to be tested and approved (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). After such strenuous efforts, just a few drugs that have been manufact ured by the pharmaceutical companies end up being consumed by the public. This combined with the fact that it costs a lot of money for research and testing, and the fact that the FDA is in charge of setting the guidelines in accordance with the other major regulations for the manufacture of the drugs (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). Since the pharmaceutical companies want the safety and efficiency standards of the Food and Drug Administration to be high and avoid future drug related legal and medical disasters, which cause a bad reputation for the company, they strictly adhere to the rules and regulations (Abraham, 2002). In case the pharmaceutical companies interests tend to conflict with the public health, the government agencies role becomes very crucial. The more a pharmaceutical company influences the perception of the government agencies, the better it stands at lobbying such government agencies to act at their interests (Abraham, 2002). A number of FDA officials tend to work together with the companies in ensuring the FDA directives are not broken due and the drug companies have no queries whatsoever with such agencies. The reason for this act is because the FDA is a government agency that tends to be problematic towards adherence of the strictest health regulations of the pharmaceutical companies, and the majority of the FDA authorities started to work in the pharmaceutical company level as scientists and low-level employees. Most FDA employees would rather seek re-employment in the companies they worked for at higher career level (Abraham, 2002) because of the good monthly package and the more than appealing severance pay they get at retirement. In the American market, pharmaceutical companies have another important role to play. When it comes to the American elections, large multinational companies seek to support one candidate to become the president so that in future, they might be of help to the company. The pharmaceutical companies tend to offer their more than generous support in the political parties with more chances of winning the elections. This in turn will ensure there is a form of gratitude from the political parties and members of the congress in terms of amending certain health care bills in the companys favor thus lobbying the congress (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). Accountability is another role the pharmaceutical companies play in terms of politics. The pharmaceutical industries have an upper hand in gaining major political influence and support with regards to drug regulation (Abraham, 2002). These companies can be able to persuade the government and drug and health care related organizations that other parties interested in the manufacture of drugs and their consumption, like the consumer based industries, the medical and scientific society can have minimal or no rights at all in the access of the FDA regulatory process (Abraham, 2002). Domestic and international ethics Ethics can be defined as the moral beliefs that help an individual determine what is right or wrong (Daft, 2011). In work ethics, it would be wrong if one individual makes decisions based on their perception in a bid to gain at the expense of other stakeholders. An organization incorporating a self-regulating mechanism that monitors, guides and ensures compliance of the law is one that has been built on ethical and social grounds in relation to the business model of philosophy (Daft, 2011). Even though the pharmaceutical industry has made a tremendous progress in terms of research and the development of drugs that can treat malignant diseases like cancer, tension has emanated between the consumers and the company. Many feel that the pharmaceutical companies are not doing their social responsibility as expected. Human experimentation is an important advancement of scientific research. Clinical trials serve as a means of confirming the effectiveness of a drug as per the government health care agencies (Valverde, 2001). Even though these clinical trials are expensive, and have steep regulations to adhere to, they provide health care to the underprivileged communities. With the huge number of pharmaceutical trials being conducted, a growing number of Americans have reported that the experimental drugs have been problematic due to ethical issue, exploitation; globalization of clinical trials deems the only suitable solution. This has prompted the pharmaceutical companies to outsource from other nations especially the third world countries because of the level of ignorance, cost implications, and the fact that regulations in such nations are not as strict as those in America. According to current research, the majority of the clinical drugs tested in the developing nations forms the basic development and approval of the new patent drugs in the developed nations. These drugs are extremely expensive and it is only the citizens of wealthy nations who can access and enjoy the benefits of such health care (NBAC). Because clinical trial in other countries has become popular with pharmaceutical companies, worldwide health organizations have come together in a bid to secure the future of the participants taking part in the clinical trial and as well to protect their human rights. The United Nations and the World Health Organization are among the international human rights agencies that have steered the campaign (Lee, 2010). The goals of these organizations are to ensure the better protection of the trial participants health and human rights. The other goal of these organizations is to ensure that the pharmaceutical companies inform their participants about the risks and benefits that come about with the research on the new drug. The pharmaceutical company ought to inform the trial patients that as per the health care regulations, one ought to consider the health implications before venturing into such tasks, and it should be an individuals free will to participate in such research (Lee, 2010). Ecological and natural resources Pharmaceutical companies in a bid to conserve their environment, they have become very active and in the process, achieving very impressive results. One way is by enacting strict rules and regulations regarding the environmental conservation. Sustaining an ecological system in accordance to the plant and animal life becomes a stepping-stone in improving the environment (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). Even though the amounts of waste produced by pharmaceutical corporations are insignificant as compared to the other multinational corporations, they still play an important role in environmental stewardship (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). With an organizations growth, there comes the need to deal with certain environmental concerns including soil and water pollution. This helps in conserving the ecology from contamination and extinction. Global warming has caused so many problems because of pollution and as per the Environmental agencies directives, numerous pharmaceutical companies have introduce d new and clean manufacturing processes that reduce waste production and minimize the negative ecological impact. Taking a look into the pharmaceutical companies, they consist of other subsidiary businesses that are involved in manufacturing, processing and formulating the medicinal chemicals in pharmaceutical products that can be consumed readily. The process of converting the botanical products into powder form and the formulating them into capsules, suspension or ointments can be very risky to the environment. Another thing about pharmaceutical companies is that they tend to focus on two major areas of human research that is in vitro and in vivo (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). The pharmaceutical products that are produced include vaccines, human and animal blood derivatives, blood plasma, and the toxoids (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). The process of manufacturing such products in this sector of research tends to be dangerous because of the radioactive, biological and chemical wastes they produce, which have adverse environmental impacts (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). According to research carried out by t he multinational health care corporations, quite a number of these organizations have realized that their company facilities can cause environmental pollution and be detrimental to the safety and health of their primary stakeholders (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). An environment that has been polluted by commercial activities can lower the quality of life in such areas the organization is located and being a fortune five hundred company, they tend to suffer a lot of financial losses in the process. Adopting the Environmental Management Systems, EMS is the other way the pharmaceutical companies have taken an integral part in safeguarding the natural and ecological resources. These management systems comply with the International Organization for Standardizations (ISO) 14000 guide that advocates the reduction of waste products and the negative environmental degradation by a pharmaceutical company as a result of the processes related to manufacturing and production (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). The fundamental elements of an ISO 14000 Environmental Management Systems are; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To define the available public policies regarding management of the environment, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ An organizations well-defined assignment towards management of the environment, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Management programs addressing a business and its relation to the environment in the companys performance plans, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Process of reviewing the management in order to have a continuous environmental performance and improvement, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programs that ease the work of measuring, assessing auditing, and reporting the performance results of environmental management. Social issues As a result of creating awareness and improving the global standards, there was a need for the regulatory boards concerned with the pharmaceutical companies to come together and standardize the safety regulations and quality associated with consumers so as to provide safe and quality products efficiently (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). Different nations came together under their various health care organizations to form standardized health care measures especially in addressing pharmaceutical companies and their role in production of drugs. The International Conference on Harmonization, ICH was a body created by several nations in order to represent the regulatory organizations and industries that deal with carrying out research (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). The pharmaceutical companies while addressing the emerging global issues are trying to attempt their participation in the business industry by coming up with standards that ensure the safety of the product. The majority of these organizations are addressing incumbent social norms towards attaining a sustainable society. This boosts their trust among the society further in addition to being successful companies in the past (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). Rating pharmaceutical companies relating to Social issues While rating the pharmaceutical companies, I think they are in a better position to achieve more in creating awareness and improving global standards. Numerous nations are ignorant about the new rules and regulations surrounding health care. Instead of pharmaceutical companies taking advantage of them like the way a majority of such companies are doing, they ought to educate them and make them conversant about the current societal activities and enlighten such communities about the guidelines of conducting clinical tests. Pharmaceutical companies should form partnerships with government agencies in the developing world to come up with strategies of involving them not only as lab rats but as important stakeholders in the process of developing medicinal drugs at the least environmental degradation. Pharmaceutical companies overall performance in accordance with the core values of Saint Leo University Saint Leo University is a Catholic University, and it upholds high levels of integrity in terms of achieving their core values and objectives. The pharmaceutical companies ought to emulate the values set aside in attainment of the stipulated code of ethics in the workplace. In my opinion, pharmaceutical companies have strived greatly in achieving the same core values like Saint Leo University. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Excellence: In terms of excellence, pharmaceutical companies have made a tremendous milestone in the discovery of drugs that can help in curing diseases especially the malignant diseases like cancer, and HIV and AIDS. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Community: Pharmaceutical companies have strived hard to ensure there is interdependence between the company and its stakeholders while progressing to making medical discoveries. They encourage the spirit of belonging among their staff members and the society. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Respect: By respecting the environment, the pharmaceutical companies have attained the admiration and trust by the society. In helping conserve the environment, the companies have helped to solve a huge menace to the society. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Responsible stewardship: Stewardship is the act of adopting something and owning it. The bid by pharmaceutical companies in owning their society and conserving it ensures they have maximum optimization of the available resources but at minimal environmental and resource depletion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Integrity: Pharmaceutical companies have created trust and honesty among the company stakeholders and shareholders. Being transparent in the financial objectives has been a stepping stone in accomplishing its goals and responsibilities. Building company- societal trust ensures integrity too.

The Sad Comedy of Really Bad Food

Ms. Moskowitz wants to give her readers a sense of her perspective and her style as she begins this restaurant review. Her opening paragraph shows that she seems to have a casual, common-sense approach to her reviews unlike some stuffy, formal food critics. She also shows that her sense of humor will be a component of her reviews. 2. A good server is an essential component of an enjoyable dining experience. Good service stands out in the mind of the customer, and poor service stands out even more. A good server should be conscientious, polite, friendly and knowledgeable.He should attend to his customers’ needs from the moment the customer is seated. He should never exude an air of pretentiousness or aloofness. He should know the menu thoroughly from cover to cover and he should have several recommendations for specialties of the house. He should visit his tables regularly without ever hinting that the customers need to rush through their meals. If the restaurant has a wine men u, he should know the wines well at all price points. In short, he should take pride in his job and treat his customers with respectful, attentive and friendly service.Service sometimes breaks down when management is not supervising the staff satisfactorily. Also, some servers exhibit an unhelpful, casual attitude about their work. Managers should heed the complaints of customers who receive substandard service and either discipline of fire bad servers. A good restaurant with good food cannot thrive with a poor service staff. 3. A restaurant customer is within her rights to send poor food back to the kitchen, and it is advisable for the restaurant to satisfy the customer at the expense of preparing her food again.One instance of poor food quality will cause many customers to cease their visits to that restaurant. Moskowitz may have decided to not send back numerous bad dishes because she thought that the chefs were invariably lacking and incapable of correcting their errors. I would not hesitate to send back food that was clearly prepared improperly. For example, if I requested a medium-rare steak and it arrived as well-done, I would send it back with no regrets whatsoever. 4. Ms Moskowitz displays fairness when she lauds the otherwise poor restaurant’s quality offerings.By complimenting their desserts and wines, she proves that she is open-minded, even eager to find any possible positives that might appeal to her readers. Her praise in the midst of many criticisms shows her sense of balance and fair play for the restaurants she reviews. 5. Ms. Moskowitz’s tone in this review is matter-of-fact, casual, vivid and humorous. She does not hesitate to vividly describe the poor service and the poor food. Yet, ironically, she seems to laugh off her mostly inferior, unsatisfying dining experience. She writes in a casual, almost colloquial tone with frequent injections of humor.This tone, in light of the poor dining experience that she endured, is fitting because it gives the reader a reason to read the entire review despite its many negative comments. Marrakech 1. This navvy, or workman, is referred to as â€Å"an employee of the Municipality† because he is so oppressed by his plight that he is incredulous that a man could be casually feeding bread to a gazelle while he and his brethren are perpetually poor and starving. Orwell paints such underprivileged people as helpless, even sub-human, and his pessimistic views of individual opportunity are depressing throughout this short story.2. The average tourist in Marrakech is probably going to be busy and preoccupied with meeting an itinerary. As such, this average observer may not notice the plight of the native citizens. Orwell, with his dark, bleak outlook, searches for and finds victims everywhere he looks. He regularly assumes that the native working people are hapless and helpless to escape their seemingly dire circumstances. Orwell even notes that it took him some time th ere to begin to start noticing the natives in all their wallowing misery. 3.The laborers in Marrakech are â€Å"partly invisible† because they are dark-skinned and tend to blend into the landscape. Tourists and observers there are much more likely to notice the natural scenery than the native workers. Orwell invariably paints these natives as helpless victims and their â€Å"invisibility† adds to that bleak assessment. In the United States, a land of undeniable opportunity, he would probably also paint menial laborers as invisible and pitiful. To the contrary, ordinary, hard-working citizens are the fabric and driving force behind America and its exceptional history of success.Orwell would be in a difficult position if he tried to paint ordinary American citizens as poor victims who have little chance for success and happiness. 4. Orwell’s Marrakech is saturated with political messages. Chief among them is the supposed victimhood of average, working people. His bleak, pessimistic portrayal of their plight is depressing and debatable. His one-sided view does not mention the positive aspects of these natives’ lives. Despite living in very trying conditions, these natives must have some happiness and some opportunity to live, work and provide for their families.It is sad and unrealistic how Orwell seems to always paint ordinary people as helpless, joyless victims of their environment. 5. The storks and â€Å"great white birds† are metaphors for the ruling white class that has power over the helpless Negro soldiers and slaves. The whites are going in a safe direction while the hapless Negros are forced to sacrifice and go in the other direction. His blanket view of white prejudice towards blacks is insulting and demeaning to honorable people who judge others based on their character and their actions.Orwell cannot help himself as he belabors the dubious point of minority victimhood and helplessness. 6. The five sections in Orwell ’s short story are somewhat incongruent, but are not difficult to follow. Invariably, the images of human nature and the strength of the human spirit are stifled and skewed by Orwell’s jaded, dark and pessimistic views. Evidently, he needed to visit and observe some people who had joy and happiness as part of their lives before he deemed most people as oppressed.

Gender Issues in the Workplace Essay

Introduction Believe it or not women have had rights in the work force for over two hundred years. Women should be treated as equals with men in the work place, but that is not always the case. Companies need to be careful with gender issues; they could lead to law suits and cost millions of dollars. People whether it is men or women should be hired, promoted, or given raises based on their experience not their gender. Dealing with gender issues in the work place can create many problems that can be solved by treating all employees equally. Women have been denied rights in the work place for many years. There are many laws in place to protect women in the workplace. Not all employers follow these laws; women still on an average make less than men. This is why women should prepare themselves with knowing the current laws that deal with gender issues in the work place. Purpose and Scope To prove that women are just as valuable in the workplace as men are. Women can do the same job as men without complications. A woman working the same job as a man usually makes less money than the man. Women are sexually harassed in the work place. They are not treated as equals. Women should be treated as equals in the workplace. They should get the same pay and benefits as a man does and not be harassed because of their gender, yet this is not always the case. In explaining a little history about women’s rights, these sub-problems will also be answered: 1. Do women know that there are laws in place to protect them in the workplace? 2. How are women discriminated against in the workplace? Why? 3. What steps should women take to solve these problems? 4. What steps should employers take make sure they do not discriminate against women in the workplace? Data Graph 1: This is a graph showing the statistics on women’s human rights issues. (Source:Second Report on the Plan for Gender Equality, 2000) Graph 2: These next few quotes go with the graph. â€Å"But in the last few months, the trend has turned around: since December, job  growth has been significantly stronger for women than men. The number of employed men rose by only 83,000 in the last two months, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported Friday(March 12, 2012). The number of employed women rose by 192,000† (Leonhardt, D.2012). â€Å"The recent job growth in white-collar sectors that employ large numbers of women, including education, health care, restaurants and hotels, is a major reason. The fact that new jobs continue to go disproportionately to college graduates — and women make up a majority of new college graduates — also plays a role† (Leonhardt, D.2012). Findings Past: In the past gender issues in the workplace were a major problem. Women were assigned to the temporary, part-time, or low responsibility positions because employers believed that their first priority was taking care of their families. When women got married they were likely to quit, and women who were already married would usually quit as soon as they got pregnant. Women who already had children were perceived as caring more about their children then about work. When people thought of women in the workforce they believed a man was more qualified to do the job. What the people in the past did not see; was the strong, highly motivated, and driven women that were right there to work just as hard as a man could. How women came up in the workforce: Women have rapidly climbed up the ladder in the workplace. â€Å"Back in the late 1800’s only about 18% of women were in the labor force. Then the 1900’s it jumped to about 30%.In the early 2000’s it grew to about 60%† (Blau, Ferber, & Winkler, 2006 as cited in Carr 2009). Women have come a long way in the work force, people are beginning to see women as equally qualified as a man in the workforce. In many situations today, after the economy went down, the wife is the bread winner and the husband stays home with the children. Many businesses are slowly adjusting to the new changes, and learning to treat women as equals to men. This is because of the high increase in women in the workforce. With this increase the old attitudes and behaviors had to change. How women are discriminated against in the workforce: When women are discriminated against in the workforce, such as: sexual harassment, promotions, pay, race, and hiring matters are now against the law. â€Å"Maternal and care-giving discrimination comes in all flavors: outright termination because a mother cares for her sick or disabled child; derailing an employee on track for a promotion after she gets married or creating a hostile workplace environment for pregnant employees† (Pacenti, 2008). These are just a few of the many ways that women are discriminated against in the workplace. A few more ways discrimination takes place are based on fairness among employees, race, and sexual orientation. Women should be given the same opportunities as everyone else. Our laws have changed over the past few centuries and there has been many changes in the workforce since women have entered it. Women have the determination to overcome discrimination. Laws: Over the past few decades, people have overcome and adjusted to the new definitions of gender roles. People are now more aware of the laws in effect for these issues. Over the years, many laws have went it to effect. Such as: â€Å" Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA), which protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination; The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), which protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older; Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (ADA), which prohibit employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in the private sector, and in state and local governments; Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibit discrimination against qua lified individuals with disabilities who work in the federal government; Title II of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA), which prohibits employment discrimination based on genetic information about an applicant, employee, or former employee; and The Civil Rights Act of 1991, which, among other things, provides monetary damages in cases of intentional employment  discrimination† (The U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission). â€Å"The most current The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 law adds a provision to Title VII, which provides: unlawful employment practice occurs, with respect to discrimination in compensation in violation of this title, when a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice is adopted, when an individual becomes subject to a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice, or when an individual is affected by application of a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice, including each time wages, benefits, or other compensation is paid, resulting in whole or in part from such a decision or other practice† (Grossman 2009). All of these laws have helped women progress in the workplace. Women have continued climbing to the top of the ladder. Many employers should keep in mind when conducting interviews and in hiring, they cannot discriminate against the sex of gender of a person, their marital status, their family status, their sexual orientation, their religious beliefs, their age, any disabilities, their race, or their associations. Following these rules when interviewing or hiring will save a company from many law suites and a bad reputation. Conclusion In conclusion women should not be discriminated against because they can perform the job at hand just as well as a man could. In recent years women holding jobs has increased and they have begun to receive equal pay. With all of the new laws and previous laws that are in place women will no longer be discriminated against because there are too many consequences for employers. Hopefully all employers will begin to follow these laws, because there are still employers who do not. In closing all women should make sure they are aware of the laws in place to protect them in the workforce. References Carr, D. (2009). Gender Discrimination. Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.bakerzproxy.planet.info/ps/retrieve Grossman, J. (2009). The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009. Find law. Retrieved from http://writ.news.findlaw.com/grossman/20090213.html Leonhardt, D. (2012). Has the He-covery Become a She-covery? (6 month change in employment chart). The New York Times. http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/women-in-the-workforce/ Pacenti, J. (2008). Workplace Discrimination: Hitting the Maternal Wall. Corporate Counsel. Retrieved from http://www.law.com/jsp/cc/PubArticleCC.jsp?id=1201255554661 The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Laws Enforced by EEOC. Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/index.cfm The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Federal laws prohibiting job Discrimination Questions and Answers. Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/qanda.html Second Report on the Plan for Gender Equality 2000 (Graph on women’s human rights issues). (2000). Women Watch. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/confer/beijing/national/japan98.htm