Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay example - 9610 Words

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck John Steinbeck was born on 27 Feb 1902 in Salinas, California, not far from the area where Of Mice and Men is set. He attended Stanford University, but never settled to one area of study and left without obtaining a degree. In his twenties, he pursued a varied working life, including that of an itinerant ranch worker, similar to the characters portrayed in the novel. His early writings had some success, and established him as an author interested in social problems. Of Mice and Men was first published in 1937, and was immediately successful, earning Steinbeck a wide reputation. Steinbeck enjoyed even greater success with the full-length novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939), which won†¦show more content†¦George realises that Curley will undoubtedly cause trouble for them. After the two men are hired by the Boss, they meet Slim, a jerkline skinner. He has a lot of authority and has earned much respect from the men. They also meet Carlson. Later that night, after dinner, Slim gives Lennie one of his puppies. Lennie is delighted by the gift, for he loves to pet things like rabbits, puppies and even mice, although he sometimes accidentally kills the creatures, not knowing his own strength. George confides in Slim, telling him about how Lennie has caused many problems before, like in Weed. A girl thought Lennie was trying to rape her, and they had to flee. Later that night, Candy overhears George and Lennie talking about their dream, and he asks if he could join them. He has quite a bit of money saved up, and they realise that if they combine their money in one months time, they will have enough to buy the house. All three of them are excited by the prospect of how close they are to fulfilling their dream. Still later that night, Curley attacks Lennie when he sees Lennie smiling when Curley is arguing with Carlson. Lennie does nothing to protect himself until George tells him to fight back. Then Lennie crushes Curleys hand. George is worried because he thinks he will be fired, but Slim convinces Curley to tell people that he got his hand caught in a machine. The next night, (Saturday night) while most of theShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck973 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: I. Background A. John Steinbeck was born on February 27th, 1902 in Salinas, California. 1. Salinas River was one of the few centers for shipping, farming, and agriculture a. John Steinbeck worked as an employed laborer, digging canals and working beside men similar to characters in his novels. 2. In a discussion John Steinbeck said, I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. Hes in an insaneRead MoreOf Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck842 Words   |  4 Pages it was not uncommon to become morosely secluded while working. Men would go far away from their families in search of any jobs they could get, with only themselves to confide in; colleagues only filling in the void of friends and family partially. Naturally, John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men, written during this period, would reflect this fact as a major aspect of the story. Loneliness would become the sinew of Of Mice and Men, manifested in some of the story’s main characters: Candy, CrooksRead MoreThe And Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1549 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will be exploring the role of women in the texts ‘DNA’ by Dennis Kelly and ‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck . Both texts are quite dissimilar for the most part, with ‘DNA’ being a contemporary play, dealing with problems faced by modern youth groups and ‘Of Mice and Men’ being a classic novella. Set in the 1930’s, the novella tells a story of two migrant workers who flee to Salinas, California, for work. In spite of this, both explore the presentation of female characters similarlyRead MoreOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthis expression to stress the fact that there are and will be difficulties in life. John Steinbeck, in his novella Of Mice and Men, does not fall short of the same views. It takes place in the year 1937, a period associated with the Great Depression, and illustrates the hardships of the time, and more so those that laborers such as George and Lennie experience. Life proves to be full of disappointments for both men who are victims of harsh circumstances in more ways than one. The two have a dreamRead MoreOf Mi ce And Men By John Steinbeck894 Words   |  4 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay John Steinbeck once said, â€Å"A journey is a person in itself; no two are alike. And all plans, safeguards, policing, and coercion are fruitless. We find that after years of struggle that we do not take a trip; a trip takes us†. In his novella, Of Mice and Men, two men go on an unexpected journey in search for their dream of happiness. There are many themes that come from their journey such as, the gilded American dream, the bond of male friendships, the power of women and femininityRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1433 Words   |  6 PagesI am writing a literary essay on the novella, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. I will be responding to the question describe an important character and explain how the character helped you understand an important message. In the novella, Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck, two characters, Crooks and Curley’s wife, help me understand the message ‘Discrimination isolates people’. The book takes place in Soledad, California, mid 1930’s, during the Great Depression, at a time when discriminationRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1747 Words   |  7 Pages Of Mice and Men is a tragedy And The Pearl is a parable. Author s Name John Steinbeck -Title of Work #1: Of Mice and Men -Genre: Tragedy -Evidence of Genre (explain what makes the work an example of the genre): Tragedy is a branch of literature that uses a serious and dignified style the sad or unfortunate events encountered or caused by a heroic individual. In Of Mice and Men George and Lennie face a lot of tragic events. -Complete Summary of Work: Of Mice and Men is theRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1354 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel ‘Of Mice and Men’, written by John Steinbeck, is set near the Salinas River in California, America during the Great Depression between 1930-1939. The Great Depression was a distressing time in the history of America as the unemployment rate was high which in turn led to poverty and hunger. During this time, many struggled to find work and this steered them to travel long distances, often without having anyone to talk to. Dreams were crafted by this travelling workforce and were somethingRead MoreMice Of Men By John Steinbeck785 Words   |  4 Pages It was an hopeless time period. For George in steinbeck s book mice of men by John Steinbeck,it was the great depression.This was a time period of a deep and dark economic downturn that affected the whole country. While the story focuses on George and Lennie s struggles through this hopeless time.They were best buds that got along great. They went to farm to farm as migrant works to get there pay. George had to take care of Lennie throughout the book and pick up the pieces, but lennie was a kindRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1400 Words   |  6 PagesOf Mice and Men, it is not just a band! Of Mice and Men was originally a short novel written by John Steinbeck in the 1930s. Regardless of the shortness in length, though, it is a rather deep and emotional book with quite a few messages behind the fictional storyline. These messages, however, cannot be discovered right off the bat. To genuinely absorb the messages Steinbeck teaches and actually understand the meaning behind them, one must read the book in its entirety. Steinbeck educates readers

Rob Parson at Morgan Stanley (a) - 1236 Words

Case Analysis: Rob Parson at Morgan Stanley (A) 1. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Morgan Stanley performance assessment and management system. The primary source of performance assessment at the firm is a multi-source 360 degree feedback tool. The secondary source is an employee’s self assessment. There are a number of issues as to why the primary tool is not effective in truly assessing the performance of an employee at Morgan Stanley. The first issue surrounds the reliability of the raters in the 360 degree process. The raters are from the Capital Markets group and other groups within the firm with little definition if the raters are all at the same organizational level. This calls into question inter-rater reliability†¦show more content†¦He could have easily remedied this issue by outlining and communicating the goals of the organization, not just increased market share, and tying them to Rob’s performance evaluation. The second concern relates to Paul’s ongoing, objective feedback of Ro b’s performance. As they have a manager-subordinate relationship stemming from a prior firm, Paul’s feedback to Rob regarding his performance is subjective and biased. Instead of communicating to Rob how he could have handled a situation differently based upon his own perspective, Paul should have been more objective in communicating how the firm wants and expects Rob to handle the situation. A management by objectives approach with appropriate goals and objective feedback would help to overcome some of the bias. The third concern pertains to development and training. It is not clear if Morgan Stanley has a cross-team training program in place. If one does exist and Paul is not using it to his (and Rob’s) advantage in the development of Rob then he needs to do so. If one does not exist, Paul needs to suggest to the human resources director that this type of training be made available to all his employees. Again, Paul does a poor job at this function. Paul faced a number of challenges in developing Rob’s success. One of the challenges was Paul’s own initial lack of understanding of the Morgan Stanley culture. A greater challenge was the lack of a clearly defined and understoodShow MoreRelatedRob Parson at Morgan Stanley940 Words   |  4 PagesRob Parson s performance assessment The performance assessment of Rob Parson should be separated into two parts, the external performance and internal performance. It will start by having an evaluation on Rob Parson’s current on job performance. The first part will focus on Rob Parson’s contribution to the company profit this year, which gives an overview of his general performance in fulfill his job requirement in Morgan Stanley. Then for internal , we would like to measure Parson internallyRead MoreRob Parson and Morgan Stanley2232 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction Rob Parson had recently been hired by Paul Nasr, a senior managing director at Morgan Stanley as a principal in the Capital Markets Services division. The division had done very little business even with its most important investment banking clients. In particular the bank wanted to improve business with clients in the financial services industry. Parson was hired for his proven track record in this domain, for his relationships with clients and for his energetic and entrepreneurialRead MoreCase Study: Rob Parson at Morgan Stanley1351 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Morgan Staley was founded in 1935, by Henry S. Morgan and Harold Stanley. Today Morgan Stanley is one of the worlds top financial services companies and a leader in investment banking, private wealth management, bonds and stock trading. In 1993 a new president was named in Morgan Stanly, John Mack. He had a vision of transforming Morgan Stanly into a â€Å"One-FirmFirm†. From this vision came out the firm’s mission statement, Our goal is to be the world’s best investment bank and theRead MoreSwot Analysis : Rob Parson At Morgan Stanley1282 Words   |  6 PagesRob Parson at Morgan Stanley (A) Case Study Analysis Introduction The case study I chose for this week’s analysis looks at the challenges faced by Paul Nasr who is a senior managing director in Capital Market Services at Morgan Stanley. The challenges focus on the strengths and weaknesses of a Rob Parson as an effective employee in his current position as well as being suitable for promotion. Nasr and Parson had a previous working relationship and shortly after Nasr began at Morgan Stanley, he offeredRead MoreManagerial Challenge At Morgan Stanley1280 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion1: Managerial Challenge at Morgan Stanley – Rob Parson has been a super performer at Morgan Stanley. He had single handedly made significant gains in building Morgan Stanley’s reputation in a very short time. Prior to parson, the firm had been ranked tenth with a market share of 2%. Parson had been instrumental in securing first-time business with more than ten clients. With his contribution Morgan Stanley held the third rank position with a market share of 12.2%. He had excellent cross-sellingRead MoreParson s Performance Evaluation : Parson800 Words   |  4 Pages Based on the information supplied in Rob Parson’s performance evaluation, Parson is a hardworking asset to the Morgan Stanley team and is an asset to the Investment Banking Division in the sense that he is able to achieve results; with that being said, when it comes to the interpersonal communication aspect that is crucial in any setting requiring even the slightest element of teamwork, Parson is failing to reach the expectations of his colleagues a nd superiors. While being able to conduct salesRead MoreRob Parson Case1541 Words   |  7 PagesCase - Rob Parson at Morgan Stanley Q 1. What is your assessment of Parson’s performance? Should Parson be promoted? Parson equipped with ten years of work experience and networking skills was skeptical when he first got the invitation to join Morgan Stanley. He felt that he did not fit into the typical crowd. Our assessment of his strengths and weaknesses as mentioned in the table below. STRENGHTS WEAKNESSES Strong selling skills Lacks team player abilities Excellent networking capabilitiesRead MoreRob Parson Case Study1733 Words   |  7 PagesManagement of People at Work Rob Parson Case Study 1 Case Overview The internal environment at Morgan Stanley was one of teamwork, employee development, dignity and respect. Morgan Stanley had developed a way of building consensus rather that individualism. Rob Parson was thrust into this environment – not sure of what was expected of him and with only one objective in mind – improving the performance of the Capital Markets division. He went about doing this ruthlessly without much care aboutRead MoreRob Parson Management Case Study Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesRob Parson Management Case Study 1 Case Overview The internal environment at Morgan Stanley was one of teamwork, employee development, dignity and respect. Morgan Stanley had developed a way of building consensus rather that individualism. Rob Parson was thrust into this environment – not sure of what was expected of him and with only one objective in mind – improving the performance of the Capital Markets division. He went about doing this ruthlessly without much care about the organizationRead MoreMarshall Gordon1024 Words   |  5 PagesHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Assignment 2 Marshall amp; Gordon: Designing an Effective Compensation System Situational Analysis Paul Nasr is the president of Morgan Stanley (MG) who has nearly 20 years of experience in the capital markets business. He assumed the leadership of the newly created Capital Markets Services division. The Capital Markets division is an interdisciplinary entity created to serve as a link between the Investment Banking division and the sales and trading

Notting Hill free essay sample

Notting Hill is one of the few romantic comedies I enjoyed watching. It’s quirky, light and full of wit. The movie itself will bring you into a world where happily ever after happens, a fairy tale for those die hard romantics. I know it’s unusual for something like this to happen in real life but it would make you wish you were one of the characters in the film. I really liked the conversations the characters have and the language they used. Like other rom-com films, this story is also based on a man falling in love with a woman or vice versa, but they had a twist in the story wherein the woman was a well-known movie star while the man was just an ordinary bookstore owner in Notting Hill. But when fate entwined both their separate lives they knew that at the time they met at Will’s bookstore, they both won’t forget each other anymore. We will write a custom essay sample on Notting Hill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That unexpected encounter forever changed their lives. The most painful part of the story was when Anna faced Will in his bookstore and confessed her love for him. I was so touched by how she said it, the words she used, and the emotions she showed. Of course, I cannot blame Will for rejecting her because he knew that he’d been hurt before and he does not want to suffer such things again. I was enthralled with the plot of events in this film and was swayed by the love William has for Anna.

The SDLC Process Essay Example

The SDLC Process Paper Procedures tend to perform actions as with functions these are reusable Classes Part of the object-oriented programming paradigm a class contains both data and functions that describe a real world thing Objects A concrete Instance of a class complete with Its personal data Abstraction of data One of the key principle Ideas behind the creation of classes In data abstraction the ATA type Is less Important than the operations that can preformed on It In a sense the data type Is hidden behind a Limited number of functions method Predefine code Generally a term describing code that is already written and that can be used in a developers solution with permission this may take the form of a compiled module a call to the operating system or a snippet of ready-made code that can be inserted into their solution b) The OSDL process was designed to ensure end-state solutions meet user requirements in support of business strategic goals and objectives. In addition, the OSDL also provides a detail ed guide to help Program Managers with ALL aspects of IT system development, regardless of the system size and scope. The OSDL contains a comprehensive checklist of the rules and regulations governing IT systems, and is one way to ensure system developers comply with all applicable Government regulations, because the consequences of not doing so are high and wide ranging. This is especially true in the post 9/1 1 environment where larger amounts of Information are considered sensitive in nature, and are shared among commercial, International, Federal, state, and local partners. The seven-step process contains a procedural checklist and the systematic progression required to evolve an IT system from conception to disposition. The following descriptions briefly explain each of the seven phases of the OSDL: 1. Conceptual Planning. This phase Is the first step of any systems life cycle. It Is during this phase that a need to acquire or significantly enhance a system Is identified, Its feasibility and costs are assessed, and the risks and various project-planning approaches are defined. We will write a custom essay sample on The SDLC Process specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The SDLC Process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The SDLC Process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Roles and responsibilities for he Asset Manager, Sponsors Representative, System Development Agent (SAD), System Support Agent (ASS), and other parties In OSDL policy are designated during this stage and updated throughout the systems life cycle. 2. Planning and Requirements Definition. This phase begins after the project has been defined and appropriate resources have been committed. The first portion of this phase involves second part is developing initial life cycle management plans, including project planning, project management, Configuration Management (CM), support, operations, and training management. 3. Design. During this phase, functional, support and training requirements are translated into preliminary and detailed designs. Decisions are made to address how the system will meet functional requirements. A preliminary (general) system design, emphasizing the functional features of the system, is produced as a high-level guide. Then a final (detailed) system design is produced that expands the design by specifying all the technical detail needed to develop the system. 4. Development and Testing. During this phase, systems are developed or acquired based on detailed design specifications. The system is litigated through a sequence of unit, integration, performance, system, and acceptance testing. The objective is to ensure that the system functions as expected and that sponsors requirements are satisfied. All system components, communications, applications, procedures, and associated documentation are plopped/acquired, tested, and integrated. This phase requires strong user participation in order to verify thorough testing of all requirements and to meet all business needs. 5. Implementation. During this phase, the new or enhanced system is installed in the production environment, users are trained, data is converted (as added), the system is turned over to the sponsor, and business processes are evaluated. This phase includes efforts required to implement, resolve system problems identified during the implementation process, and plan for statement. 6. Operations and Maintenance. The system becomes operational during this phase. The emphasis during this phase is to ensure that sponsor needs continue to be met and that the system continues to perform according to specifications. Routine hardware and software maintenance and upgrades are performed to ensure effective system operations. User training continues during this phase, as needed, to acquaint new users to the system or to introduce new features to current users. Additional user support is provided, as an ongoing activity, to help resolve reported problems. 7. Disposition. This phase represents the end of the systems life cycle. It provides for the systematic termination of a system to ensure that vital information is preserved for potential future access and/or reactivation. The system, when placed in the Disposition Phase, has been declared surplus and/or obsolete and has been scheduled for shutdown. The emphasis of this phase is to ensure that the system (e. G. , equipment, parts, software, data, procedures, and documentation) is packaged and disposed of in accordance with appropriate regulations and requirements. Each column in the graphic represents an individual phase. The documents in each phase are created and maintained throughout the rest of the development cycles until the final disposition of the project. Although this indicates the process is linear, it is not. It is iterative and once a project is deployed, the management of the project may return to requirements gathering to start all over again.

E Marketing essays

E Marketing essays In today's globally dynamic and diverse environments, a growing number of firms are competing physically as well as electronically. A firm, like a hospital, where I work, is creating an e-marketing strategy under an overall marketing program. It is now a commonly known that e-commerce presents several opportunities as well as challenges for the hospitals (Conti and Warner,. 1994). E-commerce is allowing companies to bring products into new markets, shift existing distribution channels more efficiently and effectively (Cummings and Huse, 1989). Hospitals and other health-care facilities are using a niche market offering through e-commerce The use of e-commerce in hospitals allow segmentations through outsourcing many of the routines tasks internationallyfor example reading of X-rays in many hospitals is done from radiologist employed in other countries. The use software and database solution allows hospital decision makers to identify where variations in treatment or costs, and monitor resource utilization with severity-adjusted analysis. E-commerce tools provide advantages of the latest data mining methodologies that capture a detailed profile of the patients and allow a hospital to customize its treatments to the demands of the patients (Majchrzak and Wang, 1996). Presently, information technology (IT) often substitutes and sometimes replaces the physical interactions between the patients and doctors. Besides, a number of services, which are high on information-contents, can be developed in digital format and downloaded by the patients in their Hospital decision-makers can capitalize on these findings to improve quality of care, reduce costs related to complications and length of stay, and effectively compare efficiencies of care delivery by benchmarking against the best performing hospitals in the nation or to local peers. ...

Boston University Summer Challenge Should You Go

Boston University Summer Challenge Should You Go SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In this guide, I'll be discussing the Boston University Summer Challenge, a summer program for high school students at Boston University.Duringthe program, students take non-credit college-level courses, live on campus, and explore all that BU and Boston have to offer. While you can read aboutthis programon the BU Summer Challenge website, the information available is somewhat spotty and what is there can be difficult to dissect. For this reason, I spoke to the program coordinators and gathered everything you need to know about the program into this easy-to-read guide. I’ve created a Table of Contents so you can find the specific infoyou need, but I suggest reading the entire article in order: What Is the BU Summer Challenge? What Do You Do? Why Should You Attend? How To Apply and Application Requirements How Much Does It Cost? Tips on How to Get In FeaturedImage:ViaWikipedia What Is the Boston University Summer Challenge? What Activities Do Participants Do? The Boston University Summer Challenge is a two-week program for rising high school sophomore, juniors, and seniors that offers a preview of college life.During each of the three summer sessions, between 100 and 300 high school take two non-credit seminars and live on BU’s campus in the dorms. As a participant, you choose a morning seminar and afternoon seminar. In between your morning and afternoon seminars, you have lunch in one of BU's dining halls.After your afternoon seminar and on weekends, youparticipate in organized social activities such as exploring areas of Boston, shopping, seeing improv shows, and more. The exact social programming will vary from year to year. You also have plenty of free time to do your seminar assignments, explore Boston on your own, and explore BU's campus (you'll have free access to the libraries and canpurchase a short-term membership to Boston University's Fitness Recreation Center). In yourseminars, you'll be expected to attend lectures, engage in discussions, attend field trips, and completeindividual work,group work, and project-based assignments. The seminars have small class sizes (10 to 24 students)to ensure that you get sufficient attention from your experienced college instructors as you arechallenged with the college-level material taught in your seminar. Each seminar ends witha final in-class presentation. At the end of the summer (typically, in August/September), a certificate of completion and letters of evaluation from both seminar instructors will be sentto you. Listed below are the seminars that were offered in Summer 2015. (Summer 2016 seminars have not yet been announced.) Morning Seminars Abnormal Psychology Business: From the Ground Up Chemistry of Medicine Creative Writing Electrical Engineering The History of Boston International Politics Journalism Nutrition Visual Arts Afternoon Seminars Abnormal Psychology Business: From the Ground Up Communication Computer Science Economics Infectious Diseases Law Persuasive Writing Philosophy Photography Who’s Eligible for the BU Summer Challenge Program? The basic application requirements for all applicants are: Be a rising high school sophomore, junior, orsenior If you’re an international student, you also must meet the following qualifications: Have a valid passport Have health insurance While these are the only requirements needed to apply, there are more qualifications that will help you get in. Read those below in our Tips on How to Get Insection. What Are the Program Dates for Summer 2016? The programs dates for Summer 2016 are: Session 1: June 19 - July 1, 2016 Session 2: July 10 - July 22, 2016 Session 3: July 24 - August 5, 2016 Why Should You Attend the BU Summer Challenge Program? I’d highly recommend doing the Boston University Summer Challenge if you can afford it and it works in your summer schedule. I participated in a similar program at UCLA, and the program helpedme figure out whether I was interested in attending UCLA (which I found out I wasn’t) and what kind of coursework I wanted to pursue. I’ve broken down the pros and cons of attending the programbelow. Pros of BU Summer Challenge Test out BU to see if it’s the right college for you. Take non-credit college coursesto helpfigure out what you might be interested in majoring in (you could find out you hate art and want to study biology or vice versa). It's better to figure this out in high school rather than halfway through college when you've already spent a lot of time and money on classes you ended up not liking. Receive two letters of evaluation(one from each of your seminar teachers) at the end of the program, which could be used as supplementary letters of recommendation for college. As a residential student for twoweeks, you get to test out living away from home for the first time. My friends and I who did the UCLA summer program struggled a lot less with homesickness once we started college than our peers. Have a college program on your resume for your college applications. While there is no guarantee of admissions and no guarantee that participating will better your chances of admission, the BU admissions office likes to see that you’ve shown a significant interest in the university. Doing this program will show them your interest. Cons of BU Summer Challenge Expensive (I discuss the exact cost below). You can't get college credit while some similar programs such as the Emory Pre-College Program do offer classes for credit. No financial aid available while at some other programs such as the Emory Pre-College Program, there is financial aid available. How To Apply and Application Requirements Applications are accepted on a rolling basis beginning in the January before the summer session.You typically receive aresponse via email within threeweeks of submitting your application. The application deadline for summer 2016 has not yet been posted. It will be posted on the BU Summer Challenge website after December 15th. However, as the website says, students who apply earlier "are more likely to receive the session and seminar selections of their choice," so you should submit your application ASAP. To apply, you must: Pay a $50 non-refundable application fee paid by credit card. Complete an online application that includes a 500 - 750-word personal statement describing why you want to attend the BU Summer Challenge Program. Email a copy of your complete high school transcript, including your fall grades, to summerhs@bu.edu. Additionally, international studentsmust: Complete an international student form. Submit a copy of your passport. If the primary language of instruction at your high school is not English, you will likely be asked to provide proof of proficiency such as a TOEFL score (though this is on a case by case basis). How Much Does BU Summer Challenge Cost? The feefor the BU Summer Challenge includes tuition, housing, and all meals in the dining hall. It also includes textbooks and all sponsored activities during the two-week program.The program cost for the BU Summer Challenge in 2015 was $3730.This may be changing for Summer 2016, but it hasn’t yet been announced.Additionally, as I mentionedearlier, there is a $50 non-refundable application fee (which will stay the same in 2016). Is There Financial Aid? Unfortunately, there is no financial aid available for this program. However, I have some advice for quick ways to raise money if you're hoping to attend but can't afford tuition: Try using an online crowdfunding platform such as Go Ennounce (which is specifically for students looking to fundraise), Go Fund Me, or IndieGoGo. Write lettersto friends, family, employers, local businesses and churches asking for support. Reach out to civic organizations in your area, such as Rotary and Kiwanis, to see if they could offer ascholarship. 3 Tips onFundraising Your BU Summer Challenge Tuition Tip #1: When you write your explanation on the crowdfunding platform, write your letters tothe community, or reach out to civic organizations, make sure you share your personal story and explain why the BU Summer Challenge program is important to you and will help you achieve your future goals. This explanationshould be similar to your personal statement for the program (which, as I said above, asks you to describewhy you want to attend the BU Summer Challenge Program). Tip #2: Share your fundraising campaign on social media and ask your friends and family to share your campaign on their social media if they're unable to donate. Tip #3: Write a thank you note for every donation you receive. Tips on How to GetAccepted If you’re hoping to attend the Boston University Summer Challenge, your high school transcript and personal statement need to show you off in a positive light. While there is no specific GPA required for admission, the program coordinators said they preferred applicants with at least a 3.0 unweighted GPA.To have the best shot of being accepted, you should try to get your unweighted GPA at or above a 3.0.While you may not have a lot of time before applying, there are ways to raise your GPA fast. The BU Summer Challenge Programdoes not tell the public itsacceptancerate, but the program website says they look for "motivated high school students who are taking a college preparatory curriculum. Your high school transcript and personal statement are both taken into account when admission decisions are made." Additionally, I spoke to the program coordinators who indicated that most students with a 3.0 or higher are accepted into the program. For your personal statement, make sure you show off your personality, explain your love for BU, and explain why you want to be a part of the Summer Challenge. If you need help writing the personal statement, read our other great guide with tips on writing a personal statement. What’s Next? Learn about the college application process: How To Do College Research Right: Step-By-Step Guide Complete Strategies: Common App Essay Prompts (2015-16) How to Pay for College: A Complete Guide Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Boston University Summer Challenge Should You Go

Boston University Summer Challenge Should You Go SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In this guide, I'll be discussing the Boston University Summer Challenge, a summer program for high school students at Boston University.Duringthe program, students take non-credit college-level courses, live on campus, and explore all that BU and Boston have to offer. While you can read aboutthis programon the BU Summer Challenge website, the information available is somewhat spotty and what is there can be difficult to dissect. For this reason, I spoke to the program coordinators and gathered everything you need to know about the program into this easy-to-read guide. I’ve created a Table of Contents so you can find the specific infoyou need, but I suggest reading the entire article in order: What Is the BU Summer Challenge? What Do You Do? Why Should You Attend? How To Apply and Application Requirements How Much Does It Cost? Tips on How to Get In FeaturedImage:ViaWikipedia What Is the Boston University Summer Challenge? What Activities Do Participants Do? The Boston University Summer Challenge is a two-week program for rising high school sophomore, juniors, and seniors that offers a preview of college life.During each of the three summer sessions, between 100 and 300 high school take two non-credit seminars and live on BU’s campus in the dorms. As a participant, you choose a morning seminar and afternoon seminar. In between your morning and afternoon seminars, you have lunch in one of BU's dining halls.After your afternoon seminar and on weekends, youparticipate in organized social activities such as exploring areas of Boston, shopping, seeing improv shows, and more. The exact social programming will vary from year to year. You also have plenty of free time to do your seminar assignments, explore Boston on your own, and explore BU's campus (you'll have free access to the libraries and canpurchase a short-term membership to Boston University's Fitness Recreation Center). In yourseminars, you'll be expected to attend lectures, engage in discussions, attend field trips, and completeindividual work,group work, and project-based assignments. The seminars have small class sizes (10 to 24 students)to ensure that you get sufficient attention from your experienced college instructors as you arechallenged with the college-level material taught in your seminar. Each seminar ends witha final in-class presentation. At the end of the summer (typically, in August/September), a certificate of completion and letters of evaluation from both seminar instructors will be sentto you. Listed below are the seminars that were offered in Summer 2015. (Summer 2016 seminars have not yet been announced.) Morning Seminars Abnormal Psychology Business: From the Ground Up Chemistry of Medicine Creative Writing Electrical Engineering The History of Boston International Politics Journalism Nutrition Visual Arts Afternoon Seminars Abnormal Psychology Business: From the Ground Up Communication Computer Science Economics Infectious Diseases Law Persuasive Writing Philosophy Photography Who’s Eligible for the BU Summer Challenge Program? The basic application requirements for all applicants are: Be a rising high school sophomore, junior, orsenior If you’re an international student, you also must meet the following qualifications: Have a valid passport Have health insurance While these are the only requirements needed to apply, there are more qualifications that will help you get in. Read those below in our Tips on How to Get Insection. What Are the Program Dates for Summer 2016? The programs dates for Summer 2016 are: Session 1: June 19 - July 1, 2016 Session 2: July 10 - July 22, 2016 Session 3: July 24 - August 5, 2016 Why Should You Attend the BU Summer Challenge Program? I’d highly recommend doing the Boston University Summer Challenge if you can afford it and it works in your summer schedule. I participated in a similar program at UCLA, and the program helpedme figure out whether I was interested in attending UCLA (which I found out I wasn’t) and what kind of coursework I wanted to pursue. I’ve broken down the pros and cons of attending the programbelow. Pros of BU Summer Challenge Test out BU to see if it’s the right college for you. Take non-credit college coursesto helpfigure out what you might be interested in majoring in (you could find out you hate art and want to study biology or vice versa). It's better to figure this out in high school rather than halfway through college when you've already spent a lot of time and money on classes you ended up not liking. Receive two letters of evaluation(one from each of your seminar teachers) at the end of the program, which could be used as supplementary letters of recommendation for college. As a residential student for twoweeks, you get to test out living away from home for the first time. My friends and I who did the UCLA summer program struggled a lot less with homesickness once we started college than our peers. Have a college program on your resume for your college applications. While there is no guarantee of admissions and no guarantee that participating will better your chances of admission, the BU admissions office likes to see that you’ve shown a significant interest in the university. Doing this program will show them your interest. Cons of BU Summer Challenge Expensive (I discuss the exact cost below). You can't get college credit while some similar programs such as the Emory Pre-College Program do offer classes for credit. No financial aid available while at some other programs such as the Emory Pre-College Program, there is financial aid available. How To Apply and Application Requirements Applications are accepted on a rolling basis beginning in the January before the summer session.You typically receive aresponse via email within threeweeks of submitting your application. The application deadline for summer 2016 has not yet been posted. It will be posted on the BU Summer Challenge website after December 15th. However, as the website says, students who apply earlier "are more likely to receive the session and seminar selections of their choice," so you should submit your application ASAP. To apply, you must: Pay a $50 non-refundable application fee paid by credit card. Complete an online application that includes a 500 - 750-word personal statement describing why you want to attend the BU Summer Challenge Program. Email a copy of your complete high school transcript, including your fall grades, to summerhs@bu.edu. Additionally, international studentsmust: Complete an international student form. Submit a copy of your passport. If the primary language of instruction at your high school is not English, you will likely be asked to provide proof of proficiency such as a TOEFL score (though this is on a case by case basis). How Much Does BU Summer Challenge Cost? The feefor the BU Summer Challenge includes tuition, housing, and all meals in the dining hall. It also includes textbooks and all sponsored activities during the two-week program.The program cost for the BU Summer Challenge in 2015 was $3730.This may be changing for Summer 2016, but it hasn’t yet been announced.Additionally, as I mentionedearlier, there is a $50 non-refundable application fee (which will stay the same in 2016). Is There Financial Aid? Unfortunately, there is no financial aid available for this program. However, I have some advice for quick ways to raise money if you're hoping to attend but can't afford tuition: Try using an online crowdfunding platform such as Go Ennounce (which is specifically for students looking to fundraise), Go Fund Me, or IndieGoGo. Write lettersto friends, family, employers, local businesses and churches asking for support. Reach out to civic organizations in your area, such as Rotary and Kiwanis, to see if they could offer ascholarship. 3 Tips onFundraising Your BU Summer Challenge Tuition Tip #1: When you write your explanation on the crowdfunding platform, write your letters tothe community, or reach out to civic organizations, make sure you share your personal story and explain why the BU Summer Challenge program is important to you and will help you achieve your future goals. This explanationshould be similar to your personal statement for the program (which, as I said above, asks you to describewhy you want to attend the BU Summer Challenge Program). Tip #2: Share your fundraising campaign on social media and ask your friends and family to share your campaign on their social media if they're unable to donate. Tip #3: Write a thank you note for every donation you receive. Tips on How to GetAccepted If you’re hoping to attend the Boston University Summer Challenge, your high school transcript and personal statement need to show you off in a positive light. While there is no specific GPA required for admission, the program coordinators said they preferred applicants with at least a 3.0 unweighted GPA.To have the best shot of being accepted, you should try to get your unweighted GPA at or above a 3.0.While you may not have a lot of time before applying, there are ways to raise your GPA fast. The BU Summer Challenge Programdoes not tell the public itsacceptancerate, but the program website says they look for "motivated high school students who are taking a college preparatory curriculum. Your high school transcript and personal statement are both taken into account when admission decisions are made." Additionally, I spoke to the program coordinators who indicated that most students with a 3.0 or higher are accepted into the program. For your personal statement, make sure you show off your personality, explain your love for BU, and explain why you want to be a part of the Summer Challenge. If you need help writing the personal statement, read our other great guide with tips on writing a personal statement. What’s Next? Learn about the college application process: How To Do College Research Right: Step-By-Step Guide Complete Strategies: Common App Essay Prompts (2015-16) How to Pay for College: A Complete Guide Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Not sure - Essay Example However, although rituals were important to Confucius, he had a very strict sense of duty. Confucius viewed rituals as one of the duties an individual must always do, and emphasized this particularly when he would be appointed by a duke or a king as an advisor. In analyzing the Confucian analects, Slingerland (67) states that â€Å"Confucius felt the rituals (even if they were being enacted by someone else), and remained profoundly affected by the emotions they evoked.† In the contemporary Chinese society, there were different powerful countries and tribes who wished to identify themselves distinctly from each other. Rituals thus became means to assert one’s identity and sometimes, they were very elaborate and strict. However, these elaborate and sometimes, magnificent rituals would be observed superficially. People might ignore the inner meaning and zest of the rituals they practiced. Confucius was not one among them. Likewise, he instructed his followers to practice the traditional rituals with not only extravagance but sincerity too. Therefore, in his lifetime, Confucius remained a source of inspiration and information for those who wished to follow the different contemporary rituals correctly and sincerely. Translating the Book Seventeen from the Analects of Confucius, Slingerland (209) notes that in one of the accounts from the Record of Rituals, Confucius used to give ritual instructions to guide his disciples and emphasize the antiquity of Chinese culture. There were different kinds of rituals in the Chinese society about which the researchers obtain considerable information from Confucius’s teachings. For example, there were certain funerary rituals. Some rituals were supposed to mark certain life events like reaching adulthood. Other rituals included strict methods for doing worship, making sacrifices, going to warfare, etc. However, Confucius did not pressurize his contemporaries to accept his doctrine of sincere and if necessary extravagant

Research Paper for Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research Paper for Organizational Change - Essay Example In addition, there is high degree of favoritism in the company. In order to implement successful change, it is necessary to identify the problems and their underlying reasons. It is identified that the company runs 365 days a year, seven days a week, and 24 hours a day. In addition it is pointed out that there is a general lack of safety at the workplace. Moreover, nepotism and lack of supervision are clearly visible to all. It is very evident that there is the need for a total change in the organization’s culture if these problems are to be addressed. However, simple discussions of change will not help solve the problem as the old culture will reemerge in a short while. On the other hand, as Hebert (2009) points out, in order to successfully implement a plan for organizational cultural change, the human resources department of the company should secure leadership and ensure employee participation in the change process. Evidently, leadership buy-in and employee participation a re two sides of the same coin. Once the human resources department manages to get total control, it should ensure that all the affected parties are a part of the changing process and are committed to it. Participation in the change process ensures that employees understand their stake in a successful outcome. However, even though there is active employee participation, there is very high possibility of cognitive discord. So, it is for the human resource department to identify this element of disagreement throughout the change and provide guidance. The issues It is recognizable from the description that there is low morale among the employees from top to bottom. The first thing that is found lacking here is motivation. As is evident from studies (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis, 2005, p. 253), all people are motivated intrinsically and extrinsically. However, most people show preference of one form of motivation to another. In the case of this company, it is highly necessary to avoid the authoritarian management practices and the evident nepotism. So, it becomes highly necessary for the human resource management department to make its managers and supervisors aware about the need to ensure intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In fact, studies have proved that more than two-thirds of employees want to get appreciated in their jobs. In addition, it is proved that when verbal praise and recognition are given both publicly and privately, they produce great efforts. Some other forms of intrinsic motivation are challenging work assignments and schedule flexibility. It is evident that when used appropriately, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation help improve employee morale. Another point of consideration is operational issue. To ensure product quality, the key is monitoring and measuring processes and making any necessary adjustments. Here, the concept of Panopticon as proposed by Bentham seems useful. According to him (as cited in Clegg, Kornberger, & Pitsis, 2008, p. 18), it is effective to ensure performance quality if there is a belief among the employees that they are being observed, but by an unseen being. In other words, if the principle of inspection and surveillance is properly instilled, it can ensure that the employees will feel responsible for what they do and say. The benefits of Panopticon are enormous. It can act as a system of records and rules, making each of the staff feel responsible

Adapting Communication for Age of Pupils Essay Example for Free

Adapting Communication for Age of Pupils Essay When working with children each age group requires a different level of support and also a best way to communicate, communication doesn’t just change on the age of the child but also the child themselves. When working with children in the foundation stage F-1 it is appropriate to speak to children n there level whenever possible this helps the child to feel more comfortable as they haven’t got someone towering over them, also for the adult it helps them to hear the child correctly as younger children are likely to not be as loudly spoken and may lack in confidence. Also another non verbal communication in this age is to use lots of facial expression as children will pick up the meaning of a word or what context it is meant in by facial expression as well as tone of voice. Younger children also benefit from the use of actions to go with words such as having a hand action for hello waving etc. this makes language more remember able to them and easier for them to use. The verbal communication for this age needs to be simple, using words which the child will understand both the meaning of the word and the context it is meant in for example clear instructions are helpful such as â€Å" go and get your coats on, its cold today, they need to be done up, and then line up please† a opposed to â€Å" coats on† the children will not know to do up or line up. Clear tone of voice I also needed and children quickly respond to this if a member of staff has a calm happy tone of voice and changes to a stern tone the pupils are likely to recognise she is upset about something as her tone of voice has dramatically changed. Where as if a member of staff always had a flat tone of voice which doesn’t change children are likely to be less aware or able to pick up on the contexts things are meant as they are unable to relate to the changing of tone. See more:  Mark Twains Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay In KS-1 pupils have much better language skills and can use more complex words, Verbally I can use more complex words such as time words, and more complex description words when communicating with them light humour is also appropriate as they will be able to understand it. In KS-1 pupils are likely to find it a little unnerving If I were to always speak to them on their level as they are older and may see this as been spoken to like a baby, however eye contact is still important when speaking to them. Hand actions will no longer be needed at this stage, also facial expression is still important but needn’t be as exadrated. As children get older depending on their development they are likely to be able to communicate on a more adult level, exploring language and understanding its context and meaning, using humour and asking questions if unsure of how something is meant. The context of the communication. How I communicate with the CYPs in the settiing will be adapted also to the context in which I am talking for example when in the classroom working with a pupil on a task I will speak in a calm relaxed tone of voice, encouraging them while they do the task, if a pupil had been struggling I may change my tone of voice to a more enthusiastic pitch recognising their achievements. When in a classroom and a pupil might talk whilst the teacher is talking either to myself or another pupil usually saying their name in a stern tone and unsmiling face is enough to get them to correct their behaviour. Whilst in the playground speaking to a pupil on a social subject I can relax use light humour, be interested in what they are saying without asking inappropriate questions. I can use hand gestures and have a more relaxed pose. Communication differences. Pupils depending on their individual needs, preferences may need different communication from their peers for example is a pupil is quiet shy and quietly spoken they may feel more comfortable with the adult to speaking to them in a calm quiet manner whereas a adult being load and confident may make them feel very nervous etc. Pupils who have SEN. may need communication to be different to suit their needs for example if they have additional learning needs they may have difficulty understanding language as well as there peers and need simple language with actions and facial expressions to help them. Pupils with sight difficulties may need more physical communication such as leading around the room by hand or being allowed to explore activity’s by touch. Pupils with a hearing difficulties may benefit from visual aids around the classroom such as school rules such as no running. They may also need adults to repeat things to them if they are unsure and also for adults to always face them when talking to them to enable them to lip read, and speak in a clear load voice. TDA 3.1( 2.3) The differences between communicating with adults, children and young people. The way I communicate with adults and pupils varies depending on the context, however in a professional situation a lot of the communication is the same such as using a calm happy tone of voice, good eye contact and open body language. Some things which are different which may be appropriate for a child but not for a adult such as using a stern tone of voice to discipline a child, wouldn’t be suitable for use on a adult as they are adults and this would cause conflict as it isn’t my place to get them to correct their behaviour, Adults don’t need me to speak to them on their level although in some situations this may be useful for example in a noisy pace to bend down to talk to another adult who is seated. Depending on the age of the child humour used may not be appropriate although as with children as any humour used is likely to be hear by children it will remain light and clear so no one misunderstands its context and also humour must never hurt someone else’s feelings. Hand actions and exadirated facial expressions aren’t needed with adults as they might be benifitual to communicating with children. How to adapt my communication with adults to meet adults individual communication needs. Adults within the setting like children too will have their own needs, preferences when communicating Also their communication preferences may change depending on the situation/ environment they are in for example if a member of staff is outside in a busy playground supervising, they have to supervise the pupils so are unlikely to maintain full eye contact which in some situations may be seen as having bad communication however in this situation the child is paramount and they are putt ing the child’s safety first. Also in a noisy environment they are likely to need me to speak louder and clearly. In a situation where the member of staff may be doing some written work I will approach them quietly so not to disturb them as the written word may be important. Adults may also have a disability or need such as a hearing impairment which will mean I will need to make sure my face is visible when talking to them so that they can lip read, also I would never talk to them across the room but make sure I am stood in front of them when communicating with them, I will also speak in a clear load voice. Managing disagreements with CYP. If I were to become in a situation where myself and a child came into a disagreement I would firstly make sure the child has understood something I said probably by repeating myself and use simpler words. It may be that I may have misunderstood the meaning of something a child said so to confirm I will ask questions to make sure I am clear on the context they meant It in. It may be a achedemic disagreement for example a child telling me they have already read a certain book, I would refer to their home/ school book to check as all books children read are written down. Most disagreements via myself and a child can easily be resolved either by clarifying meaning, they might not have meant what they said in that manner , or if its about their school work I can check with the teacher or through any written records the school has that are relevant. In my setting I will have to maintain professional communication even if I disagree or experience any conflict with another adult. I would keep this unobvious to the pupils within the room instead dealing with the issue outside of the classroom at a appropriate time i.e. in the staffroom at a designated break time. I feel that in most instances I would be able to solve the issue with a verbal open conversation with the other adult explaining to them what I am unhappy about and why. However if the incidence was serious where the other member of staff showed a misconduct of practise i.e. racism poor health and safety etc. I may feel it appropriate to consult the head teacher of what has happen/what I have witnessed. I will refrain from criticizing the member of staff myself. In a more serious event I may be asked to write down what I have encountered if the head teacher needs to seek advice take the incident to the school governors or local authority. TDA 3.1 (3.2) An explanation of the importance of reassuring CYP and adults of the confidentiality of shared information and the limits of this. As part of safeguarding I in some cases am required to break any confidentiality if the information may mean a child is in potential harm or at risk from harm. Any disclosures from children concerning adults both within and outside of the school setting have to be reported to help risk to be assessed and prevented. In the case of adults it may be they a adult has concerns over another adults practise maybe due to a action taken by the adult , their mental health at a certain time or something a child has informed them off. When hearing any concerning information I will always firstly reassure the information giver that they have done the correct thing, I will them tell them that I cannot keep it to myself but will have to tell a appropriate person however it wont be told to anyone just the people who need to know. It is important that I tell them this so they don’t think of me a misusing their trust, or doing something to upset them, they need to know that the children’s safety comes first and any information that is passed on is done so only to protect them and only the relevant people will be told about it.

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Essay -- essays research papers fc

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel In 1770 A.D. an inspiring German idealist philosopher, who became one of the most influential thinkers of the 19th century. Hegel was born in Stuttgart on August 27, 1770, the son of a revenue officer with the civil service. He was brought up in an atmosphere of Protestant Pietism and became thoroughly acquainted with the Greek and Roman classics while studying at the Stuttgart gymnasium. Encouraged by his father to become a clergyman, Hegel entered the seminary at the University of TÃ ¼bingen in 1788. There he developed friendships with the poet Friedrich HÃ ¶lderlin and the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. Having completed a course of study in philosophy and theology and having decided not to enter the ministry, Hegel became a private tutor in Berne, Switzerland. In 1797, he assumed a similar position in Frankfurt. Two years later his father died, leaving a financial legacy that was sufficient to free him from tutoring. In 1801, Hegel went to the University of Jena, where he studied, wrote, and eventually became a lecturer. At Jena, he completed The Phenomenology of Mind, one of his most important works. He remained at Jena until October 1806, when the city was taken by the French and he was forced to flee. Having spent the entire legacy left to him by his father, Hegel became editor of the Bamberger Zeitung in Bavaria. However, he disliked journalism, and moved to Nuremberg, where he served for eight years as headmaster of a Gymnasium. During the Nuremberg years Hegel met and married Marie von Tucher. Three children were born to the Hegels, a daughter, who died soon after birth, and two sons, Karl and Immanuel. While at Nuremberg, Hegel published over a period of several years The Science of Logic. In 1816, Hegel accepted a professorship in philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. Soon after, he published a summary of a systematic statement of his entire philosophy entitled Encyclopedia of the P hilosophical Sciences in Outline. In 1818, Hegel was invited to teach at the University of Berlin, where he was to remain. He died in Berlin on November 14, 1831, during a cholera epidemic. After Hegel's death there was a great clash of intellectuals which the Hegelian theologian David Strauss called the clash between "the Left Hegelians and the Right Hegelians." The Left Hegelians were atheists, led b... ... how Marx's theories were based upon some of the opinions expressed by Hegel. Hegel considered the State a symbol the Absolute Truth. He held that the State should be worshipped as the will of God. Furthermore, he suggested that the ideal form of government was a constitutional monarchy. While placing limits upon the monarch, thereby preventing a tyranny, it allows a single person to act for the good of the State. A constitution codifies the will of the people and the rights of the individual. By melding the "I" and the "We" into a common set of principals, the constitution represents the Absolute Mind -- as close to Absolute Truth as humans can be. The monarch is limited to actions in accord with divine logic, Hegel concluded. To be brief and to the point, I think Georg Hegel was a very intelligent man, but a hypocrite. From my research, it seems he just keeps changing his opinions or beliefs on things. It just bothered me, to read about how he thought about it this way then years later he changes it, very troubling. Works Cited 1. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/#Conc 2. http://www.hegel.org/ 3. http://nookie.com 4. http://www.securepornoutlet.com

18th century English literature Essay

1. There was a sense of relief and escape, relief from the strain of living in a mysterious universe and escape from the ignorance and barbarism of the Gothic centuries –not referring only to Gothic literature. The dark period provokes that people want to change and improve their lifestyle when they entered the 18th century. There was a general desire to emancipate from the dark aspects of rural and dark living. 2. Sanity, culture, and civilization had revived. There was a general feeling of emancipation from historic specters, a sense of security from the upheavals of the Civil War period. 3. Dryden wrote in 1668 â€Å"We have been so long together bad Englishmen that we had not leisure to be good poets†. This quote exemplifies that 17th century men were occupied with complete other things than humanities. â€Å"Nature†Ã¢â‚¬â€œphilosophical concept/religious concept that rule the 18th century. Western thinking– has been a controlling idea in the Western thought ever since antiquity, but it has probably never been so universally active as it was from the Renaissance to the end of the 18th century. The laws of â€Å"Nature† are the laws of reason; they are always and everywhere, and the axioms of mathematics they have only to be presented in order to be acknowledged as just and right by all men. This was the Golden Age of natural theology and deistical freethinking: Spinoza, Boyle, Locke, etc. During the Christian centuries religion has rested upon revelation; now it rested largely upon â€Å"Nature† and even the Orthodox who retain the supernatural basis felt that faith must be grounded firmly upon â€Å"Nature† before one had recourse t super-Nature. The 18th century is the century of Reason. If we want to apply reason, it has to be stable. Everything ought to be structured in logic axioms. It is the Golden Age of liberal thinking, also in religion which one had the power and gave divine explanations but they will not provide the answers anymore, but science will do. The scientific movement of the 17th and 17th centuries: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, Newton produced a â€Å"climate of opinion† in which supernatural and occult explanations of natural phenomena ceased to satisfy. The Universe came to be regarded as the Great Machine, working by rigidly determined laws of material causation –laws of Physics; everything has a cause. The supernatural, in both its divine and its diabolical forms, was  banished from Nature. Another relevant issue: the state power passed from the king gradually to the Parliament and the Cabinet ministers. A huge expansion abroad of British colonies in Asia, Africa and North America caused the Industrial Revolutio n. The basis consists of democratic principles. ! London became more and more the center of the literary and intellectual life of the country and writers came to look upon â€Å"polite† London society as their chief, if not their sole, audience. The opposite of natural living, cultivated people lived in London. Aristocracy in the old sense has been transmuted into gentility and wealth becomes the main motivating power in society –aristocracy regarded as gentile; educated and cultured people. Wealth becomes the motor of society -> new social class that centers in commercialization. Economics and Ethics are finally separated. The new economists prove to their own satisfaction that the individual desire to make money can produce in the long run nothing but good, and poverty can only be the result of idleness. In London, the coffeehouse replaces the Court as the meeting place of the men of culture. The journalist makes his appearance, and poetry becomes social and familiar. There was a correlation, between social class and education and between elegance –which was related to education; e.g. people went to the theatre– and learning that has not always existed in subsequent periods –people wanted to be cultivated so they started reading. The English novel coins in the 18th century thanks to journalism. And if poets were to use references to the Latin and Greek classics as well as to the events in the contemporary world of learning, they had to consider themselves addressing a very limited audience. That is why classic and contemporary studies were mixed in order to have a broader audience. Merchants and tradesmen of the town came to play a very important part in the life of the country. But the middle class were not yet the landed aristocracy, the country gentlemen and big state owners though they ruled only with the permission of and in alliance with the commercial interests. London The education and the entertainment of the middle classes became a legitimate objective of literature. The period between 1660 and 1785 was a time of amazing expansion for England. The world seemed different in 1785. A sense of new, expanding possibilities transformed the daily life of the British  people. And offered them fresh ways of thinking about their relations to nature. The city of London became the center of business, pleasure and the emerging consumer society. Samuel Johnson said that â€Å"when a man is tired of London, he is tired of life fir there is in London all that life can afford†. With growing prosperity, London turned into a city where everything was for sale. Its elegant shops dazzled tourists, supplying not only heaps of goods but also a perpetual source of amusement. Varieties of spectacles and shows drew larger and larger crowds, and theatres expanded to meet the competition. At the London playhouses, the audience itself was often part of the entertai nment. The Royal Exchange, in the hart of the city (financial district) of London, was not only a hub for business and shopping but also a symbols for â€Å"globalization†. The increasing importance of international commerce to the British economy. Addinson’s idyllic picture of the Exchange, written in 1711, celebrates the way in which the whole world seems to revolve around the blessings of trade. But many English people also worried that foreign luxuries might sap the national spirit of independence and self-sufficiency (Practice 1). There was a shift in population from the country to the town, and it reveals how far the life of the city, where every daily newspaper brought news sources of interest had moved from traditional values (London life is reflected in the newspaper). Formerly, the tastes of the court had dominated the art (!): the monarch stands for the nation. But the 18th century witnessed a turn from palaces to pleasure gardens that were open to anyone with the p rice of admission. New standards of taste were set by what the people of London wanted, and art joined with commerce to satisfy those desires. Artis Willams Hogarth made his living, not as earlier painters had done through portraits of royal and noble patrons, but by selling his paints to a large and appreciative public. London itself –its beauty and horror, its ever changing moods –became a favorite subject of writers (!). The sense that everything was changing was also sparkled by a revolution in science. In earlier periods, the universe had often seemed a small place, less than 6000 years old, where a single sun moved about the earth, center of the cosmos. Now time and space exploded, the microscope and telescope opened new fields of vision and the â€Å"plurality of world†, became a doctrine endlessly repeated. The authority of Aristotle was broken, their systems could not explain what Galileo and Kepler saw in  the heavens. As discoveries multiplied, it became clear that the moderns knew things of which the ancients had been ignorant. This challenge to received opinion was thrilling as well as di sturbing. In Paradise Lost, Book 8, the angel Raphael warn Adam to think about what concerns him, not to dream about other worlds. Yet, despite the warning voiced by Milton through Raphael, many later writers found the new science inspiring. It gave them new images to conjure with and new possibilities of fact and fiction to explore. Explorers were travelling around the earth, where they discovered unknown countries and ways of life. These encounters with other peoples often proved vicious. The trade and conquests that made Europeans powers like Spain and Portugal immensely rich also brought the scourge of racism and colonial exploitation. In the 18th century, Britain’s expansion into an empire was fueled by slavery and the slave trade, a source of profit that belied the national self-image as a heaven of liberty, and turned British people against one another. Rising prosperity at home had been built on inhumanity across the seas. At the end of the 18th century as many writers joined the abolitionist campaign, a new humanitarian ideal was forged. The modern world invented by the 18th century brought suffe ring along with progress. We still live with its legacies today. England was a nation of shopkeepers. But the stylish and lavish shops that filled 18th century London were also a visible sign of growing national power. The cutting edge of a consumer revolution, they showed the public that the modern world was to be welcomed, not feared. There was something for everyone to desire and possess in this new world of fashion. During the successful run of The Tatler (1709-1711)Germen de la novella de ficcion, Steele’s and Addison’s predecessor to The Spectator, The Female Tatler was published 3 times a week attributed to an imaginary â€Å"Mrs. Crackenthrope, a Lady that knows everything†. Its authors, who probably included both women and men, aimed to amuse and instruct female readers, as shown in the following piece on shops from 1709. -> Joseph Addison, from The Spectator, No. 69. Questions: Consider the satisfaction which Addison takes in The Royal Exchange. Why does he love so much to visit it? Are you persuaded that his pleasure comes from being â€Å"a great Lover of Mankind,† or is wealth itself what stimulates him? Many historians describe what happened in 18th century England as The Birth of a Consumer Society. According to this analysis, the widespread pursuit of good and entertainment turned England into the first truly modern nation, in which commercialization drives art as well as the economy. How well does this premise account for what you see in this topic?

Movements fighting for gay marriages Essay

The gay marriage debate has been persistent all over the world. It is a divisive political issue that brings out a lot of conflict. In USA for instance, movements fighting for gay marriages and their rights started as early as 1970’s. In the 1990’s it was a great political issue. The US federal government has not legalized gay marriages although some states like Massachusetts allow civil unions. Gay couples in US do not share same rights as straight couples since their marriages are not considered legitimate. Without marriage laws to protect their rights and benefits such couples face turmoil’s in their relationships. For instance automatic inheritance with death of a partner and making important decision for instance signing for emergency medical operations is not allowed. USA should follow Denmark, Netherlands and Canada and legalize gay marriages as a step forward to reducing hate crimes in society and thus promoting social order. Again, since most people who oppose it desires it do so on the basis of religious values the secular values and desires of the people are not considered. It should draw the line between the state and the church so that it accommodates all people in the society. Legalizing gay marriages will see the decline of HIV-AIDS transmission, as gay couples will increase their sense of responsibility for each other. Gay couples should not be denied significant rights like access to partners insurance or medical decision making, workers and compensation benefits. Benefits under annuity and retirement plans all which are important (http://marriageequity. com/facts/index. htm) By not legalizing gay marriage the law discriminates on the basis of sex since one’s ability to marriage depends on one’s sex. Cuba has recently started to involve and respect gay couples by redefining marriage to accommodate all people in society, as socialism should be all inclusive. (http://asp. usatoday. com/community/utils/idmap/13917955. story) Discrimination against gay couples will be abolished and their unions or marriages will be legalized It is ironic that US the world’s leading countries in democracy restricts gay marriages while it should be advocating and fighting for equality of all marriages. Gay marriages should be legalized and couples should be entitled to social security benefits and protection under federal pension laws. This would reduce instances where on death of a partner one cannot access the partner’s benefits. In case the family had children such benefits would be of great importance in maintaining the children’s welfare. Without legal protection gay couples face economic hardships that would have been eradicated had their marriage been legalized. South Africa and Belgium have also embraced it and marriages between same sex couples receive blessings. Today, most children are born out of wedlock to single parents; marriages end divorce and the family as a unit that provides the appropriate atmosphere for children to grow is loosing the grip. Children are still being brought up successfully outside the conceived perfect environment of the ‘family’. Gay marriages should be legalized so as allow partners make important decisions like medical based decisions. It will allow one make important decision that would save the partners life. Arguments in support of gay marriages The government’s purpose is to ensure that people’s rights are respected and that equality is maintained. It is therefore fair that gay marriages be legalized. If gay marriages are recognized gay couples would take the advantage of automatic inheritance in case of death of one partner. Without such gay couples inherit nothing of what they have worked hard for with their partner. Both straight and gay couples should have equal rights. (http://angelfire. com/home /leah/index. html) It is argued that gay relationships are not biologically natural as they cannot produce children of their own naturally. Culturally marriage is the institution that forms and upholds societal and social values and norms. Marriages ensure the continuity of society through procreation. It is therefore argued that society would suffer if gay marriages were to be legalized, as the continuam would be interrupted. Gay marriages should be legalized and efforts by the church t use religious values and imposing them on all people in society are uncalled for. There should be a clear distinction between the church and the state so that the state operates independently to accommodate all its citizens including the secular minded. (Snyder, 2006) Legalizing gay marriages will help create order and stability in society. When legalized the ‘main society’ will change their rigid perception that gay marriage is illegal and they will fit well with them. This will reduce gay-based hate crimes. The whole society will have social unity and discrimination against gay people will reduce. Unions to guide gay couple on how to raise their children can only be effective if gay marriages were legalized. This would counter the argument that gay couples are not good in bring up children. The unions can help create good parenthood through training. Arguments against gay marriages It is argued that legalizing gay marriages will be a step towards welcoming anti-social behaviour. Just as gay couple seek for attention and protection of their rights so would other absurd groups. Moral decadency is likely to occur in society. It would pave way for polygamy, incest and beastiality legalization all of which are not good for society. Traditionally marriage is between a man and a woman and not same sex parties. Gay marriages are therefore against the traditional perception of marriage and should be discouraged. Naturally marriage should be between two people of different sexes. Attraction between two people of same sex is considered unnatural gay marriages should therefore come to a halt. Marriage should be an institution between a man and a woman. And those gay marriages are immoral. God created a woman for the man and not a man for a man or woman for another. Gay couples choose to be gay and should not seek attention for the choices they have made in life. (Hohengarten, 1994) Parents pose as role models to their children. Gay parents are likely to bring up gay children and this will not be good for society. Supporters of this viewpoint argue that children need heterosexual parents to develop. This would be lacking in the gay families and consequently poor child development. The above reasons face much criticism. For instance linking procreation strongly with marriage undermines the other purposes of marriage. Procreation is not the only reason why people marry. Those who support gay marriages consider this point of view incompetent on the basis that there are sterile or barren couples or women at their post menopausal age who marry. The question posed is whether such marriages ought to be considered null since they won’t bear children. Again marriage could be for sexual satisfaction companionship and moral expression. (Strasser, 2002) Another problem with the argument that gay marriage is immoral is that who defines marriage and what is moral or immoral calls for another debate altogether. People have different perception about what is moral or immoral. Using religious values to support eradication of gay marriages by quoting the bible is inappropriate especially to a country that accommodates diverse religions. This is an insufficient approach as freedom of religion will be compromised. Why install your religious aspects to life on people who are for a secular approach to life? (http://atheism. about. com/6/9/007160. html) The argument that children need heterosexual parents to grow and develop is quite shallow. There are cases where their development is jeopardized despite them having heterosexual parents. Children need good nurturing, tender care and love from their parent’s to develop. Again gay parents are more likely to bring up straight children to spare them the pain of discrimination they have through. (Ross, 2002) Some gay people are not gay by choice but by birth. Argument that gay couples are naturally attracted to same sex partners outdoes the argument that gay marriages are unnatural. Nature should take its course and they should be allowed to marry those they are attracted to regardless of their sex. (Pierson et al, 2005) Arguments raised against legalizing gay marriages on the basis of their instability are uncalled for since the straight marriages have proved to be 7% more instable compared to gay marriages. In the USA only two states legalize gay marriages that are Massachusetts and Lowa though they call them civil unions. The federal government under the defense of Marriage Act of 1996 leaves the states to decide on which approach to handle its issues. Gay couples want their marriages to be legalized. This will eradicate the discrimination they face, as society is not comfortable with them and view them as ‘outcast’ with legalization gay couples can gain recognition. (Mello, 2004) The church is used by politicians for their own interests. Politicians are careful in discussing critical issues like whether to legalize or not legalize gay marriages. They are cautious not to offend the people who will determine their stay in government through voting. Conclusion. Gay couples have their rights to be happy. Happiness in marriage would be with the person one is attracted to and willing to be intimate with. Denying gay couples that happiness and trying to impose the person they should marry in terms of gender would be depriving them their rights. The government should ensure that the rights of all citizens are preserved. If gay marriages were legalized the HIV-AIDS prevalence would decline. This is because gay couples would increase their commitment towards their marriages. Forcing people to marry those they are not attracted to is a major reason for increased divorce rates. References: Austin Cline. 2007. Gay Marriage and church/state separation. Retrieved on 16th October 2007 from http://atheism. about. com/6/9/007160. html Leah Moore. 2001. Points in defense of gay marriages. Retrieved on 16th October 2007 from http://angelfire. com/home /leah/index. html USA Today. 2007. When it comes to gay rights, Is Cuba ahead of USA? Retrieved on 16th October 2007 from http://asp. usatoday. com/community/utils/idmap/13917955. story Mello, Michael. 2004. Legalizing gay marriages. University Press. Pierceson, Jason, Courts: 2005. Liberalism and Rights: Gay Law and Politics in the

Analysing Traffic Congestion Problems In Colombo City Tourism Essays

Analysing Traffic Congestion Problems In Colombo City Tourism Essays Analysing Traffic Congestion Problems In Colombo City Tourism Essay Analysing Traffic Congestion Problems In Colombo City Tourism Essay It is a much known fact nowadays that the traffic congestion in Colombo has increased to a degree that most of the forces runing in Colombo metropolis bounds get disturbed in their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities. Further it has come to the visible radiation that the traffic accidents in Colombo metropolis country besides have been increased during the recent yesteryear to a considerable sum chiefly due to this congestion. Out of the overall figure of traffic accidents reported within the state the most Numberss are reported from Colombo metropolis bounds. Number of lives lost due to these accidents can non be considered in light whilst minor graduated table accidents reported bases at big. Unreported Numberss of minor graduated table accidents are non known but would be every bit double as the figure of reported. Troubles faced by the automobilists, walkers, traffic constabulary functionaries and by and large the populace in Colombo country due to this traffic congestion are really high. The twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life of the general populace such as go toing their office responsibilities, go toing kids to schools, go toing other domestic personal businesss are acquiring disturbed to a great extent due to the unanticipated holds they are compelled to see at roads caused by traffic congestion barricading the smooth vehicle motions in Colombo metropolis. This is by and large wastage of countless figure of man-hours of working people, fring one million millions of rupees of income to the Gross National Product. It is a known fact that the highest figure of vehicles, comparative to the other metropoliss in Sri Lanka, runing in Colombo metropolis. Reason for the same is Colombo is the chief metropolis in Sri Lanka to where big figure of people travel daily to make their occupations, send most figure of kids to the big figure of taking schools located within the metropolis. Further the Colombo seaport is situated within the Colombo metropolis bounds ensuing a big figure of vehicle motions for transit of goods. Most figure of star category tourers hotels located in a individual metropolis is Colombo ensuing big figure of vehicle motions in between Bandaranayke International Airport, Katunayaka and Colombo. Generally the chief commecial metropolis of Sri Lanka is Colombo and as a consequence of that about all the forces populating at wherever the state are compelled to come to Colombo for some ground which increase the vehicle congestion in Colombo metropolis bounds. 4. When a big figure of vehicles are runing within a limited country in Colombo metropolis, it is obvious that the figure of traffic accidents could be at a higher rate comparative to the figure of accidents happened in other metropoliss in Sri Lanka. But in this context what is of import to be researched is the grounds for those big figure of accidents. The sum of vehicle operating in Colombo metropolis would non be a good ground for any of the citizen of this state to be met with a traffic accident and to acquire injured or to be killed. This being the state of affairs clip has come to analyse the causes lending to the addition of traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis and to come up with feasible solutions to turn to this job which will in bend be good to the future chances of Colombo metropolis, every bit good as the state as a whole. Chapter 2 Methodology Purpose 5. The purpose of this research paper is to analyse the major causes which lending to the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis bounds and to come up with executable steps to make a smooth traffic motion in Colombo metropolis bounds as an illustration for the remainder of the metropoliss in the state. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 6. Addition of traffic congestion within the Colombo metropolis bounds at a drastic rate within a really short period of clip has non merely resulted the general public operating in the Colombo metropolis to see unanticipated troubles at roads but besides to be ended up at sometime with human deaths or losingss of lives. The continuation in the addition of rate of traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis would go a major load for the automobilists, walkers, traffic constabulary functionaries and all the communities runing in Colombo metropolis and besides will convey negative impacts to the development of Colombo every bit good as the state unless addressed consistently. This research is to place the major causes which have contributed for the addition of traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis and to urge executable steps to cut down the same. THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 7. Improper driving wonts of the automobilists who do non adhere to the traffic ordinances is hypnotized as the chief cause for the addition of motor traffic congestion in Colombo. Scope OF THE STUDY 8. The range of the survey is to confined to the automobilists, walkers and traffic constabulary functionaries runing in Colombo metropolis bounds to place their positions and attitudes towards the increased rate of traffic accidents in Colombo. The paper besides concentrates much on the statistical records of traffic accidents happened in Colombo during the past decennary. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 9. The aggregation of informations and information for this research will be extremely based on the positions and the perceptual experiences of the automobilists, walkers, functionaries of traffic constabulary section and those who have met with route traffic accidents which will be derived through systematical interviews. A questionnaire will be distributed among 50 forces composed with 25 drivers including heavy vehicle, light vehicle and three Wheeler drivers, 10 walkers, 10 forces met with traffic accidents and 5 traffic constabulary officers. Further this research analysis will be extremely based on past statistics available on all traffic accidents in Colombo. THE STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 10. The thesis is structured as follows: Chapter 1 Introduction. Chapter 2 Methodology. Chapter 3 Addition of vehicle population in Sri Lanka. Chapter 4 Reasons lending to the traffic congestion in Colombo. Chapter 5 Observations made by the Researcher. Chapter 6 Analysis of informations. Chapter 7 Recommendations. Chapter 8 Decision. Chapter 3 INCRESE OF VEHICLE POPULATION IN SRI LANKA 11. It is a known fact that the vehicle population of Sri Lanka was really minimum before 1980s and inquire whether a word called traffic congestion was heard at that clip. However with the inflow of the constructs of unfastened economic system to the state, the vehicle population was increased but at a moderate rate during 80s and 90s. So that the route web in the state, though non developed much, was sufficient to suit the transit in the state without traffic congestion. But within the last decennary the vehicle population of the state was expanded at a drastic rate and about doubled within a period of eight old ages. The undermentioned statistics at Table 3.1[ 1 ]gives a clear image of the vehicle population of the state and the composing of the same. Class OF VEHICLE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Motor autos 241,444 253,447 274,631 293,747 311,030 338,608 361,211 381,448 Motor Tricycle 112,239 133,115 169,319 213,108 254,193 318,659 361,727 406,531 Motor Cycles 868,705 923,467 1,010,344 1,134,818 1,265,514 1,422,140 1,604,648 1,760,600 Buss 66,273 67,702 69,651 71,818 73,887 77,233 79,870 81,050 Double intent vehicles 141,496 150,087 163,355 174,091 180,942 188,187 193,380 196,236 Lorries 179,451 187,617 198,775 209,478 223,740 244,176 262,584 276,622 Land vehicles-Tractors 136,726 143,804 153,808 165,343 180,940 199,980 221,326 245,683 Land vehicles-Trailers 32,682 33,128 33,986 35,308 37,134 38,919 41,048 42,823 Sum 1,779,016 1,892,367 2,073,869 2,297,711 2,527,380 2,827,902 3,125,794 3,390,993 Table 3.1: Vehicle population of the state from 2001-2008 12. Table 3.2[ 2 ]shows the rate of increasing of vehicles in the state with the new enrollments per twelvemonth. From twelvemonth 2002 onwards the new enrollments per twelvemonth exceeds 200,000. In this context what we have to place is whether the route web has been expanded relatively to suit this figure of vehicles. Class OF VEHICLE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Motor autos 8,426 12,003 21,184 19,116 17,283 27,578 22,603 20,237 Motor Tricycle 10,274 20,876 36,204 43,789 41,085 64,466 43,068 44,804 Motor Cycles 34,119 54,762 86,877 124,474 130,696 156,626 182,508 155,952 Buss 1,310 1,429 1,949 2,167 2,069 3,346 2,637 1,180 Double intent vehicles 5,864 8,591 13,268 10,736 6,851 7,245 5,193 2,856 Lorries 6,095 8,166 11,158 10,703 14,262 20,436 18,408 14,038 Land vehicles-Tractors 6,063 7,078 10,004 11,535 15,597 19,040 21,346 24,357 Land vehicles-Trailers 483 446 858 1,322 1,826 1,785 2,129 1,775 Sum 72,634 113,351 181,502 223,842 229,669 300,522 297,892 265,199 Table 3.2: new vehicle enrollment of the state from 2001-2008 13. When it comes to Colombo metropolis, it has been revealed that about 400,000 vehicles move in and out of Colombo day-to-day footing, which is about 15 % of the entire vehicle population of the state. Though the route web of the chief metropolis of the state has been extensively expanded every bit good, the traffic congestion due to different lending factors could non hold been avoided. It has been come to illume that following are the chief contributing factors for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis and its suburbs. High volume of vehicle motions within the metropolis. Not holding a proper traffic program in the metropolis. Closing of certain roads for security grounds. Bad driving wonts of drivers go againsting traffic regulations. Improper parking wonts of drivers disrupting smooth vehicle motions due to non handiness sufficient parking installations. Poor traffic commanding responsibilities of traffic constabulary functionaries. Use of old vehicles non route worthy. Addition of vehicle accidents due to high volume of vehicle motions barricading the smooth vehicle motions. Chapter 4 REASONS CONTRIBUTING TO THE TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN COLOMBO 14. Colombo City is the most populated metropolis in Sri Lanka and the life criterions of the people populating in Colombo is relatively high ensuing a considerable figure of people out of those populating in Colombo are in ownership of a sort of personal vehicles. Further a immense figure of people moves in and out of the Colombo metropolis day-to-day footing doing the figure of vehicles traveling in and out on day-to-day footing is really high. As per the statistics available at Traffic Branch of the Police Department, about 400,000 vehicles of different classs move in Colombo metropolis daily. 15. Due to this big figure of vehicles traveling in and out of the Colombo metropolis the mean figure of accidents reported within the Colombo metropolis is 200 out of which 6 are fatal. It is of import to hold an thought of the general perceptual experience towards the contributing factors for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. GENERAL PUBLIC PERCEPTION 16. Based on the result of the thoughts obtained from a cross subdivision of drivers and non-drivers runing in Colombo metropolis through a distribution of a questionnaire attached as Annex A , the undermentioned factors were revealed out of which some are identified as the contributing factors for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. Chart 4.1 Possession of valid drive licence 17. It was revealed through a distribution of questionnaires among 50 forces driving different types of vehicles in Colombo metropolis country merely 80 % are with valid driving licence whilst others drive different classs of vehicles without driving or siting licence as elaborated in Chart 4.1. Chart 4.2 Cognition on Traffic Rules 18. Percentage of the forces who are driving vehicles and holding an mean cognition on traffic regulations and ordinances is 60 % whilst both the classs of those with really good cognition and hapless bases at 20 % each as displayed in Chart 4.2. Chart 4.3 Attachment of Traffic Rules 19. Attachment to traffic regulations plays a major function in the context of traffic congestion of any where on the route so make at the Colombo metropolis country and the composing of the same with respect to Colombo metropolis country is as per above Chart 4.3. As per the statistical informations received in this respect merely 5 % of the forces drive vehicles in Colombo metropolis adhering 100 % to the traffic regulations and ordinances. 70 % adhere traffic regulations but sometimes go againsting. 20 % adhere traffic regulations merely when they feel it is required to make so whilst 5 % adhere merely when traffic constabulary are expected or to be seen on the route. Chart 4.4 Ratio of Drivers met with Accidents whilst driving in Colombo The Chart 4.4 shows how rare we can happen a individual driving a sort of vehicle but non hold met with an accident whist driving in Colombo. 80 % of the drivers have met with some sort of traffic accident whilst drive in Colombo. It is of import to place the chief grounds behind those accidents and Chart 4.5 elaborates the same. 30 % have met with accidents due to the fact that they have non adhering to the traffic regulations, at the clip of run intoing the accident whilst 50 % have met with the accidents as a consequence of the misdemeanor of traffic regulations by the another party. 15 % have met with accident due to the congestion of traffic in Colombo, whilst merely 5 % due to some other grounds. Chart 4.5 Reasons for the Accidents in Colombo City 21. It is a known fact that usage of nomadic phones by the drivers whilst driving is one of the major grounds lending for the traffic accidents so do for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. The research reveals as highlighted at Chart 4.6 that 80 % forces uses nomadic phones whilst driving. It was besides revealed that 10 % do nt utilize nomadic phones whilst driving and the balance 10 % uses nomadic phones nevertheless after parking the vehicle by side of the route. Chart 4.6 Use of Mobile Phones Whilst Driving 22. Parking vehicles at unauthorised topographic points by side of the roads increase the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis really much. Reason for that type of illegal parking varies from individual to individual and the Chart 4.7 shows the per centum of drivers making illegal parking whilst Chart 4.8 shows the ground for them to make so. Chart 4.7 Tendency of Illegal Vehicle Parking Chart 4.8 Tendency of Illegal Vehicle Parking 23. Driving vehicles in conformity to the stipulated velocity bounds is besides a fact required to be adhered to in order to minimise the perturbation to the other vehicles and the commuters every bit good. The research reveals that, about all the drivers are runing in Colombo violate the velocity bounds even in sometimes. Chart 4.9 Adhere to rush bounds 24. The general perceptual experience of those who are driving a sort of vehicle in Colombo metropolis, towards the grounds for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis is emphasized in The Chart 4.10 Though the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis is a consequence of combination of different factors, the most conducive factor was identified as the improper driving wonts of the drivers which stands at 60 % . The following chief factor which stands at 20 % is the immense figure of vehicles come ining in to Colombo metropolis. Chart 4.10 Reasons for traffic congestion TRAFFIC POLICE OFFICIALS PERCEPTION 25. Traffic Police functionaries executing traffic responsibilities are one of the chief resource forces from whom an indifferent sentiment towards the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis, could be obtained. A specifically designed questionnaire as at Annex B was distributed among 25 traffic constabulary functionaries and the result of the same is as follows. 26. The really first inquiry was to happen whether they see or see a traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis for which the reply was 100 % positive and all the constabulary functionaries accept the inordinate traffic congestion in Colombo. 27. The traffic constabulary functionaries being the most competent forces with their observations and experience to name out the factors lending the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis were tasked to name out those factors harmonizing to the precedency and the result is every bit enumerated at Chart 5.11 Majority of them are in the position of that the bad driving wonts of the drivers go againsting the traffic regulations and ordinances, come foremost cause for the present twenty-four hours traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis . Chart 5.11 Reasons for Traffic Congestion as per the precedency 28. The order of precedency explained above at Paragraph 27 was farther substantiated based on the factual inside informations of the traffic constabulary functionaries as shown below at Chart 5.12 The figure of forces acquiring caught to patrol net daily for go againsting traffic regulations in Colombo metropolis bases above all the other wrongdoers. Those who are driving vehicles over hurrying, though taken as a separate property, is once more an improper drive wont go againsting the traffic regulations. So that the per centum of those who are driving with improper driving wonts and acquiring caught to patrol is 60 % . Chart 5.12 Reasons for Traffic Congestion as per the precedency 29. Positions of the traffic constabulary functionaries were expected to happen out the most feasible solution to the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. Though different sentiments were found as shown at Chart 5.13, the most feasible solutions for which 55 % agreed to turn to this job was to take austere disciplinary action against those wrongdoers who violate the traffic regulations and ordinances. Chart 5.13 Reasons for Traffic Congestion as per the precedency Chapter 5 OBSERVATIONS MADE BY THE RESEARCHER 30. Further to the facts gathered through the distribution of questionnaires among general populace, those who are driving vehicles in Colombo metropolis countries, and the traffic constabulary functionaries executing responsibilities in Colombo country, the undermentioned facts were revealed through ocular observations and sporadic interviews of the people hanging about in Colombo country. These were included with coach drivers, three wheel drivers, constabulary officers, walkers ; forces utilizing public conveyance etc. and the undermentioned observations were made. a. It was observed that the maximal figure of vehicles move in Colombo metropolis country during the undermentioned haste hours. 0730 hour to 0900 hrs During this period the maximal Numberss of vehicles moves in Colombo metropolis making a traffic congestion and the ground is the inflow of people to Colombo for employments, concerns, and to go to schools etc 1330 hour to 1430 hour This is the clip period during when schools are acquiring closed and a big figure of vehicles move in the Colombo metropolis for school services. Due to the fact that a considerable figure of prima schools are located in Colombo metropolis itself, the figure of light vehicles runing for school services is highly high ensuing the traffic congestion. 1630 hour to 1830 hrs Soon after the office hours the outward vehicle motions from the Colombo metropolis are really high similar to the forenoon session making a traffic congestion. B. The competition of the coach drivers makes mayhem in the smooth flow of vehicle motions in Colombo metropolis. Though the coachs every bit good as the other heavy vehicles are to drive in the leftmost lane it is being practiced merely for halting the coachs at coach arrests to board or alight the riders. Almost all the coach drivers make their fullest attempt to upset the other coachs to do a large gimmick of riders which in bend disturb all the vehicles on the roads making traffic congestions. However non a individual coach driver is ready to accept that they are experimenting improper driving wonts go againsting the traffic regulations. c. Habitual misdemeanor of traffic regulations by the three wheel drivers are one of the chief contributing factors for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. The figure of three Wheelers in Colombo metropolis is highly high. Easy manoeuvrability of three Wheelers is being used by most of the drivers to acquire an excess advantage of making their finishs every bit rapidly as possible nevertheless go againsting all the sorts of traffic regulations. They do non trouble oneself about the troubles faced by the other automobilists and drivers due to their unethical drive forms finally making unneeded traffic congestions. d. Parking vehicles by sides of the roads barricading the other free vehicle motion is besides a conducive factor for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. Sometimes may be due to the non handiness of parking installations, drivers are used to park the vehicles by side of the roads upseting the other vehicles. e. Role of the walkers excessively contributes much for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. The highly hapless route subject of the walkers creates unneeded perturbation to the smooth motion of vehicles. Even at the topographic points where operating expense or belowground prosaic crossings are at that place, most of the walkers do non and reluctant to utilize those installations but used to traverse the route at the shortest manner which ends up non merely with traffic congestions but besides accidents with human deaths. f. Less attending of most of the automobilists towards the perturbations for the other vehicles due to the manner they are driving besides contributes for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. The authoritative illustration in this context is the usage of nomadic phones whilst driving making unneeded perturbation for the other vehicles whilst non being cognizant of it. Chapter 6 Analysis OF DATA 31. When the information collected through the systematical interviews, ocular observations and distribution of questionnaires were analyzed, it was proven that the undermentioned contributory factors have resulted that the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis and suburbs. High volume of vehicle motions within the metropolis. Not holding a proper traffic program in the metropolis. Closing of certain roads for security grounds. Bad driving wonts of drivers go againsting traffic regulations. Improper parking wonts of drivers disrupting smooth vehicle motions due to non handiness of sufficient parking installations. Poor traffic commanding responsibilities of traffic constabulary functionaries. Use of old vehicles non route worthy. Addition of vehicle accidents due to high volume of vehicle motions barricading the smooth vehicle motions. Bad route subject of walkers. 32. The high volume of vehicles of about 400,000 are runing in Colombo metropolis daily is doubtless is one of the chief grounds for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. Number of accidents, every bit Mach as 200 per twenty-four hours consolidates this fact farther. But the figure of vehicles entirely would nt hold created this much of traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis unless the other lending factors have popped up as a consequence of the high volume of the vehicles. All the enterprises have been taken to cut down the effects caused by the other factors such as cut downing the misdemeanor of traffic regulations, unauthorised parking etc. Since those factors play a major function than the volume of the vehicles. 33. As enumerated and hypothesized throughout the research, the improper driving wonts of bulk of the drivers runing in Colombo metropolis are analyzed as the chief contributing factor for the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis. When the figure of vehicles are high and certain automobilists are in a haste tend to go against traffic regulations and ordinances and to make their finishs every bit shortly as possible finally making traffic jams and blocks at the roads. The competition and the habitually improper driving patterns of the coach drivers and three wheel drivers contributes this facet at big. This research hypothesis is farther consolidated by the statistical inside informations obtained through the distribution of questionnaire with a per centum of 60 % of general public and traffic constabulary functionaries in the position that the improper driving wonts of the driver causes traffic congestion in Colombo. 34. Though there are regulations and ordinances to convey the wrongdoers at the roads before the tribunals and to be tried, it is non being pattern to a satisfactory degree. Though the traffic constabulary functionaries reiterated that the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis is chiefly due to the improper driving wonts of the drivers, the actions they have taken to turn to this job is non seeable. The avenues available for the wrongdoers to acquire themselves free from the traffic misdemeanors even after acquiring caught to traffic constabulary functionaries are at a big but unrevealed by both parties. Chapter 7 Recommendation 35. Based on the factual inside informations obtained through systematical agencies and the research analysis, it is apparent that the fact of improper driving wonts of the drivers is to be addressed seasonably to cut down the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis and its suburbs at first whilst turn toing the remainder of the conducive factors bit by bit. The undermentioned actions are recommended to be initiated in this connexion. a. Traffic Torahs, regulations and ordinances are to be revised and to be incorporated with austere disciplinary action against the misdemeanor of traffic regulations. B. The traffic constabulary functionaries as the jurisprudence implementing authorization should be trained and handled in a more discipline manner than every bit at present to be steadfast when executing their responsibilities. Internal monitoring systems within the traffic constabulary section are to be established and austere disciplinary action to be taken against those corrupted constabulary functionaries non transporting out their responsibilities decently. c. A value to be added to the driving licence from the clip of publishing and it is to be ensured that merely the competent and disciplined appliers are issued with driving licence. In instance of any sort of knowing misdemeanor of traffic regulation the relevant diving licence holder is to be kept under supervising for a standard period of clip sooner one twelvemonth and if found once more for knowing misdemeanor the drive licence is to be terminated. So that, no organic structure will take the hazard of acquiring their drive licence terminated. d. Parking installations in the Colombo territory to be expanded and so those who are parking vehicles at unauthorised topographic points to be dealt consequently. e. Specific regulations and ordinances for the care of subject of coach drivers and three wheel drivers are to be brought in to coerce. f. CCTV monitoring systems to be installed within the Colombo metropolis to follow the drivers go againsting traffic regulations and the constabulary functionaries non transporting out their responsibilities decently. g. Island broad educational plans to be conducted to convey a behavioural alteration of the people driving any sort of vehicle in Sri Lanka to be disciplined at the roads and to esteem the others. h. Quality of the public conveyance services are to be increased to actuate the people to utilize public conveyance than their private vehicles when coming in to Colombo metropolis which will cut down the inflow of light vehicles that contributes much for the traffic congestion in the metropolis. i. Informing automobilist about route accidents, traffic congestion and route conditions by traffic wireless station which will assist automobilists to avoid traffic congestion. Helicopters can be use to moniter traffic.[ 3 ] Chapter 8 Decision 36. It is a known fact that the troubles faced by the general populace, the traffic constabulary functionaries and the wastage of national resources due to the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis is extreme and unexplainable. So this is a national issue required to be addressed within the least possible hold without being waiting till the job get aggravated. As hypothesized the chief fact behind the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis and besides in suburbs is the improper driving wonts of the vehicle users whilst few other factors contribute to increase the job. As identified and analyzed during the research it is of import to turn to the chief factor which is improper driving wonts of the drivers as the initial measure whilst turn toing the others thenceforth. 37. The result of this enterprise to cut down the traffic congestion in Colombo metropolis bounds and its suburbs will be an illustration to turn to the similar type of traffic congestions in other chief metropoliss in Sri Lanka every bit good. These types of jobs can non be addressed without the support of the general populace every bit good as the functionaries who are tasked to execute responsibilities in that regard. However with the enforcement of new jurisprudence and systematical plans to do the drive community more disciplined the traffic congestion of the Colombo would be bit by bit reduced which will be good for all the people populating in this state since this is a job pertaining to the chief concern and industrial metropolis of Sri Lanka.