Kant - Three Propositions from Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Essay

Kant - Three Propositions from Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals - Essay Example In his subsequent suggestion, Kant repeats that the ethical worth of an activity gets from its adage and not from its results. In further redemption of this idea, Kant confirms that an endorsed activity carried out from responsibility is resolved in its ethical worth just by goodness of the guideline, or adage, in â€Å"accordance with which it is chosen upon†. This suggests the ethical worth of the will to do an activity lies NOT in its rationale or the ideal impact from that activity, however in the real standard of the will. In Kant’s see, a will is real and ethically solid in the event that it is gotten from obligation alone rather than any auxiliary rationale where obligation just assumes a correlative job as opposed to being the propelling element completely. Therefore, it should essentially follow that the individual making the move has perceived a from the earlier altruism rule that they try to satisfy by making that move; in this way, the activity has been achi eved from obligation as opposed to being submitted for a reason past that which forced by the generosity, rendering it of sound good worth. Kant perceives a third recommendation along these lines which from the start appears as a conspicuous difference to his subsequent suggestion however generally, finishes similar components of soundness by impelling a â€Å"respect for law† which forces an obligation to regard the good law.... Such profound quality requires an origination of reason, which in typical day by day lives works out in a good way past our fundamental wants. In these contentions, Kant decides to set up the fundamental rule of a lot of ethics. What he is attempting to show is that this fundamental good rule draws from a judicious will in each one of us, and it is this balanced will that causes us to have the self-sufficiency to act ethically. This self-sufficiency is basically gotten from obligation and has the ability of reprimanding all tendencies (second suggestion) so as to seek after activities that are done carefully in regard of good law (third recommendation). As he gathers together his contentions in this work, he puts it obviously that there are all inclusive good laws, and any activity that is pleasing ought comply with an ethical law, however ought to be done to guarantee profound quality is maintained (Kant 4:400). Any activity that isn't accomplished for an ethical law regardless of w hether it complies with an ethical law isn't legitimately fundamental. Along these lines, it is judicious to watch and connection the second and third suggestions in quest for the all inclusive law of ethics. Kant appears to keep up that the subsequent suggestion is legitimately connected with the third recommendation. Be that as it may, the idea of regard appears to recommend in any case as it exists in the third and not in the subsequent recommendation. What, at that point, is regard? Regard is a thought unhinged to the individual staff of want and is in this manner not a tendency. In plain English, subsequently, regard is a disposition which affects generosity activities. An activity done by reason of tendency, rather than one by reason of regard, would look for an ideal impact, and isn't an activity from obligation, yet an activity for a reason. This carries us to a thought of the

No Child Left Behind an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

No Child Left Behind The enactment of Public Law 107-110 all the more prominently alluded to as No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 is a push to perceive the hugeness of training as national and social issue. Ideologically, there is little uncertainty of the significance of the benefit of initiating instructive frameworks and principles that guarantee access of training without segregation. As per Kahlenberg (2003), social advancements are testing instructive frameworks not exclusively to guarantee adapting yet in addition to guarantee profitability and social interest. The arrangements perceive the one of a kind instructive difficulties introduced by the need to improve instructive measures for understudies, teachers, levels of capability, making social pertinence, creating organizations with guardians and the network, perceiving social and ethnic legacy, amending laws, resolutions and arrangements and creating adaptability and responsibility in training (US Department of Education, 2004) Need paper test on No Child Left Behind subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue Be that as it may, there has been noteworthiness pundit in regards to the NCLB. As a rule, the center of the worry is about the disappointment of the NCLB program to impact the adjustments in instruction it has guaranteed. More awful, there are reactions that it has in reality has hindered access to quality training (Houston, 2007). An assessment of the issue makes an acknowledgment that instructive change involves more than enactment however necessitates that they can be operational in real settings (Pennington, 2007). The goal of this paper isn't to deny the significance or criticalness of the targets of NCLB, anyway this examination will give proof that it has not had the option to convey the changes it imagined and that there is a need to correct the demonstration generously in the event that it is to be powerful (Noll, 2005). Issues and Concerns NCLB is portrayed as a result based: by setting high targets, instructive projects will be increasingly viable (Allen et al, 2007). For as long as twenty years, there has been a functioning exertion to create social establishments that perceive and react to social, monetary and political components that influence learning systems, instructive projects and access to these projects (US Department of Education, 2004). Prior, concerns were fundamentally financial in nature and lately, culture and ethnicity have gone to the front line. The essential inspiration driving the program is to guarantee access to training and to permit schools to create methodologies to improve execution and possibility of instruction programs (Johnson, 2001). Financing One of the essential issues raised against NCLB has been in disappointment of financing leaving programs not completely executed, it by any means. The central government has been the most scrutinizes with respect to the issue that has just had a background marked by not organizing instruction spending (Nelson and Jones, 2007). The reliance on government financing for the NCLB programs created from declining charge incomes and the establishment of bureaucratic principles for understudies and instructors. Moreover, Pennington (2007) calls attention to that the however the demonstration was an organization supported enactment, the President nor the Senate have really mentioned the assets as given (Cooper, 2007). Actually neighborhood governments don't have the ability to help the NCLB which thusly has made the prerequisites for training change yet not the way to meet them (Noll, 2005). On a mental level, the need financing authorizes the possibility that the changes to for usage are not viewed as critical in spite of the first reason of the enactment. There is additionally dread that the arrangements of NCLB are inciting a spiraling weakening in instructive foundations. Consider this situation as indicated by the arrangements of the NCLB, schools that have performed well as per its measures are managed better subsidizing as impetus. Be that as it may, inability to satisfy guidelines of execution don't accommodate bolster projects and along these lines, schools who are as of now confronting noteworthy pressure may additionally be burdened (Chubb, 2007). Social Conflicts NCLB has additionally been scrutinized to disregard the state, protection and social value. Instruction has customarily been state-overseen however since NCLB is government enactment, states need to follow the arrangements whether it is appropriate to them or not and whether they have the way to actualize it. The states perceive the ideological estimation of the NCLB yet call attention to that states ought to be maintained all authority to pick what arrangements are to be executed (Noll, 2005). This isn't simply to help the intensity of the state over training enactment yet additionally to maintain the constitution that gives no establishment to government enactment on the issue. Another issue is the arrangement of the NCLB perceiving strict gatherings as teachers, making the qualified for open financing. In spite of the fact that the arrangement can be considered as a push to perceive these gatherings, it additionally brings up the issue of the partition of chapel and state (Lewis, 2007). An issue raised with respect to protection has originated from the arrangements in segment 9528 that necessitates that military enrollment programs be considered as foundations of advanced education. This gives them access to the individual data of all understudies without the need to advise guardians aside from on the off chance that they have legitimately quit from it. Questions with respect to the technique for isolating assets are additionally a worry (Gingrich, 2006). The NCLBs corrective measures for schools that neglect to meet its necessities and on the off chance that they can satisfy the guidelines, the motivation is to have execution desires set lower. In the main situation, it is seen that schools with issues will be left with even less competency to meet prerequisites while in the last situation, bringing down of desires supports relaxing from gauges or not having economical projects (Lang and Wilkinson, 2000). Normalization of Education Another significant issue is as to execution of normalized projects and training appraisals. The evaluate is that it leaves no adaptability as far as perceiving social conditions, culture or ethnicity among others in training (Chubb, 2007). Simultaneously, there are fears that emphasis on the state administered tests won't take into consideration communitarian study hall experience (American Association of School Administrators, 1991). Promoters of the program, reason that NCLB can achieve this by setting non-prejudicial guidelines in appraisal. In any case, the studies are that the program doesn't think about the setting of issues or the accessibility of the projects in the state. The issue brought up specifically with local language evaluation that requires a capability test before taking and English capability test (Vance, 2004). At present, not more than ten satisfies have the projects set up and most of these projects constrained to Spanish capability testing. The NCLBs center around math and perusing as gauges of execution likewise raise concerns with respect to the confinement it sets on understudies generally educational programs. Simultaneously, since the NCLB gives that states can plan their own guidelines of testing then this may inspire states to inadequately test understudies on account of the reformatory measures and effect of financing (Lang and Wilkinson, 2000). Another social issue identified with normalize testing that continues is the apparent social predisposition. It has been set up that government sanctioned test essentially can not oblige completely for social eccentricities, learning incapacities and different conditions that block understudies from most of understudies (Vance, 2004). End The issue of training is one that will consistently support huge discussion due to social hugeness and effect (Pennington, 2007). There is no uncertainty that the NCLB is a push to make better access to training and to make programs that are touchy and receptive to the growing needs of society. There is additionally no uncertainty that a considerable lot of its arrangements have demonstrated to be dangerous when applied. Past the authoritative, social and operational worries of the program, there ought to be acknowledgment that the program makes a stage for misuse, debasement and amusingly, the crumbling of instructive norms (Noll, 2005). Along these lines, this paper presumes that the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 has not been parcel to raise the nature of instruction extensively and neither will the present arrangements have the option to do as such (Cooper, 2007). Consequently, a considerable lot of its underlying defenders, similar to Ted Kennedy now, unexpectedly, restricting further usage (Lewis, 2007). There is acknowledgment that the surrender of the help to the program may likewise have its political inspirations however the absence of noteworthy effect appears to help the possibility that the program has not had the option to satisfy its guarantee (Butzin, 2007). Disappointments in usage and activity have made political difference concerning NCLB as well as the government instruction program as a rule (Gingrich, 2006). There ought to be an acknowledgment that changes must be operationally feasible and successful. Taking everything into account, the disappointment of the Act isn't on the grounds that the worries are not legitimate but rather it has fizzled as a result of the absence of authoritative and operational prescience in actualizing the projects that has rendered the projects pointless if not an impediment to its own targets. References Allen, JoBeth, Altwerger, Bess, Edelsky, Carole, Larson, Joanne et al. (2007). Standing firm on NCLB. Language Arts, 84(5), 456-464. Recovered August 8, 2007, from Research Library database, Document ID: 1272627141 American Association of School Administrators (1991). Learning Styles: Putting Research and Common Sense into Practice. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administ

Fairness and Writing Facing Realities as a WOC in Modern Publishing

Fairness and Writing Facing Realities as a WOC in Modern Publishing I like fiction because fiction aims for fairness. Villains get comeuppance in classic animated Disney. In books like Harry Potter, corrupt governors like Lucius Malfoy got the sack while spoiled boys like his son Draco get smacked. Most books enact justice or karma. You believe that this fairness lends itself to writing and publishing. Ray Bradbury and Stephen King kept writing and kept submitting. Eventually editors took notice. They got their paychecks and blurbs. King got a proper agent to handle his royalties and contracts. You think that you have a chance as well. Then you find out the publishing world is more complex than 1930s-era Ray Bradbury portrayed in Zen in the Art of Writing. With technology, you can submit using email rather than rely on self-addressed, stamped envelopes. You also find articles claiming that people as a whole read less print, and thus the industry is dying. Someone takes the Pride Prejudice text and adds in zombies to create a bestseller. A white man poses as a Chinese poet to earn his place in an anthology edited by Sherman Alexie, which emphasizes the need for diverse poetry. Even all the above, one can handle this. I havent submitted a print submission since high school, for a local writing contest which I endorse for the next generation. I use Submittable, Google Drive, and Gmail to work on my content. For every Pride Prejudice and Zombies there is another Fangirl or a Robin McKinley novel. With every Sad Numpty that believes they are losing Hugo Awards and doesnt deserve to be called a Sad Puppy, there is a Malinda Lo that steals our hearts and minds with adventure. What I cant handle: the publishing industry rewarding bullies. Recently, a right-wing troll received a huge book deal. You have probably heard of the controversy. The publishing company asks that people read the book first before making judgment. Reviewers decide to boycott, and authors consider changing their publisher. This troll, a wealthy Caucasian man, harasses black celebrities and women. He was involved in Gamergate, and in demonizing the women involved. One woman correspondent has tried telling them theyre not friends, but he doesnt listen. As a   journalist, he has created a grant program that has not paid anyone involved. In addition, he hangs out at right-wing rallies and considers it just business. Why does he deserve more cash? Explaining Racism, Sexism, and Exclusion of POC I am a woman, and a person of color, an American writer of Indian-Asian origins. My parents came from Chennai, India to practice medicine in the states. For a long time I didnt write about my Indian roots, feeling the need to tell stories that only focused on non-Indian characters. Editors had to tell me they preferred my Indian tales for the shame to go away, and one has to fight shame with pride. I wrote  a personal blog on this subject for Valentines Day in 2015. For better or for worse, despite my publishing success and that women dominate the field, I know the obstacles. I also have privilege: a private education and a supportive family. These qualities even the odds, but not that much. Studies revealed that gender bias exists in publishing, in that male authors are more likely to be published and praised than women. Likewise, non-white authors have to fight harder so that their works make the cut, and are more likely told that readers wont relate to their work.   The We Need Diverse Books campaign fights against these biases, to bring more authors of color to the forefront. This book deal spits in the face of all this progress. The editors and executives who inked it ignore the hard work that POC and WOC authors do to earn their contracts. They decided it was better to give money to someone who has a habit of budgeting poorly. We dont know why, and we want fairness. This company proves they dont play fair. The Real Frustration Trying to explain this heinous deal to Caucasian or similarly privileged people is like trying to explain that I am wearing plastic wrap over my work clothes. Most people cant see the transparent wrap, but I can feel it. It inhibits me when I walk around, and most people will deny its there. Even if I have literary success, the plastic wrap will stay. I could choose a pen name like George Sand did, but it wouldnt feel like me. But Priya, these people say. You arent wearing plastic wrap. Yes I am! I respond. Saying that youre wearing plastic wrap is racist to white people. By saying that youre excluding me. Rinse and repeat. After doing this for a couple of hours, I end up frazzled and dropping the topic. I keep submitting my stories, diving into Indian roots. Systematic racism and sexism keeps hitting the publishing industry. Im not ignoring my successes thus far. In fact, Im grateful to have publications each year, and readers. That doesnt mean I will ignore a blatant injustice, however. My writer friends need a chance as well, and they arent bullies. In this bullys case, it doesnt matter if the book is a set of innocuous nursery rhymes or a collection of essays on injustice. The author has revealed his true colors. He has no empathy or regard for others, especially women and minorities. We cannot accept him earning a huge advance because of his previous actions. Fairness wont reach us on a platter. We have to fight for it, against double standards and against bullies.

The Pro Life Movement Vs. Pro Choice Movement Essay

The Legislative Process and Healthcare Lobbying Nurses have a loud voice when it comes to influencing our lawmakers. According to The American Academy of Ambulatory Care Nursing (AAACN, n.d.) â€Å"1 in 44 women voters is a nurse and there are 10,000 nurses per congressional district.† Armed with both the education and experience in many healthcare issues facing legislation, nurses have the credibility to make a significant influence with health care policy (AAACN, n.d.). The controversial topic of a woman’s right to choose is a constant in healthcare policy. The pro-life movement vs the pro-choice movement has been debating for decades. A nurse has an intimate role in care of these patients and personal beliefs may influence her willingness to care for these patients. A recent ruling in Texas rejected a proposed bill that would greatly hinder a woman’s ability to obtain a safe abortion in that state. Whole Women’s Health vs. Hellerstadt (Texas HB2) was rejected in a 5-3 ruling in June of 2016 (AWHO NN, n.d.). The purpose of this paper is to introduce how a bill becomes a law and explore how a nurse who is prolife versus a nurse who is prochoice manages care for a patient either having an abortion or post-abortion. Part 1 How a Bill becomes Law A bill is first introduced to either the house or senate and assigned a number. From there the bill goes to a house or senate committee which reviews the bill in detail and considers its impact on the federal budget. If approved, theShow MoreRelatedPro-Consent Essay989 Words   |  4 Pageschoose go into the different arguments over the debates of abortion. One of the movements which is pro-life which is against the legalization of abortion. Another main movement is pro-choice which believes that ‘if’ the fetus is a person then the women can’t if the abortion. However, pro-consent believes that the women have a right to choose to consent to the condition of pregnancy or obtain an abortion (McDonagh, 23). Pro-consent supports the rights of all living beings. People in the general publicRead MoreIs Abortion A Moral And Constitutional Issue?999 Words   |  4 Pagesmorals or laws. A woman should be granted the right to privacy and choice to abort her fetus wi thout it becoming a public catastrophe. By the same token, abortion should not be utilized as a form of birth control. Advocates on both sides of the controversy present very robust arguments that demonstrate valid points. Regardless of one’s stance in the fight, can there possibly be a neutral zone between pro-life and pro-choice? Abortion is the early termination of a pregnancy or â€Å"the premature exitRead MorePartial And Late Term Abortion1688 Words   |  7 Pages however, a quick search of their names finds them to be highly partisan to the pro-choice movement. Although this makes them no less educated on the topic of abortion, it allows the reader to see clear partiality in the article. For the reader like myself who would like to question other channels of thinking, this article presents a clear-cut view of the concepts provided by the believers in the pro-choice movement along with detailed explanations of the subject matter. John Leo runs the siteRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1172 Words   |  5 Pageswho have no other alternative? Pro-Life advocates believe as horrible as abortion is, the baby is still innocent of any crime. Nobody should be killed for the crime of another person. While Pro-Choice advocates believe if a woman is pregnant by rape, compassion demands that she be allowed to abort. On the other hand, the pro-life vs pro-choice debate tends to overlook the fact that the vast majority of women who have abortions do not, in fact, do so entirely by choice. Circumstances put them in a positionRead MoreThe Death Of An Unborn Fetus Should Be Viewed Through The Same Moral Standards1523 Words   |  7 Pageson Roe vs Wade. This monumental decision gives the absolute right to abortion regardless of the stage of pregnancy, not limited to the first trimester as it is popularly believed.2 This decision has stood hypocritically in the same society in which it is unlawful and morally wrong to t erminate the life of another human being. Considering our nation’s ethics and values, the killing of an unborn fetus should be viewed through the same moral standards. Although many believe in pro-choice, Roe vs WadeRead MoreWhy the Government must, at times, infringe upon Individual Liberties such as Abortion1298 Words   |  6 Pagesabortion. One side believes in the right of the woman to choose if she wants to carry a fetus to term. This Pro Choice view has varying opinions on when the fetus is a human life and is thus protected by the Constitution. The other side of the slate believes that the fetus is a human life from conception, and the mother has no right to terminate the life of the child. This Pro Life viewpoint points out that abortion is essentially murder as the fetus is protected by the Constitution from theRead MorePro Life vs Pro Choice772 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Brenza Essay-2 March 17th 2015 Pro-life vs. Pro-choice The issue of abortion in the United States will always be a controversial one. Developing two sides of the debate, pro-life and pro-choice. Pro-life are the individuals who do not believe in the option of abortion. Pro-choice are the individuals who believe every woman has the choice to go through with their pregnancy or to not. Despite their contrasts, pro-life and pro-choice explore valid ideas of religion, law and healthRead MoreAbortion Thesis Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesright that man has over the life of a baby in the fetus and in controlling its entry into the world is a much- debated topic. Abortion is the process of putting an end to the life of the baby by killing it in the womb itself. This social issue assumes all the more importance given the fact that an astounding 1.7 million people have abortions every year in the United States alone. There is much debate that the procedure, which was initially indicated as a life saving method, is todayRead MoreThe First Wave Of Women s Suffrage Movement1653 Words   |  7 Pagesvoice and this led to the women’s suffrage movement. By 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment finally passed and gave women the right to vote (Kotef). This successful movement influenced women everywhere in the world and continued to powerfully inspire women throughout the 20th century (Kotef). By the latter half of the century, the second wave of feminism arose. It included the voice of African-American women because this wave occurred during the civil rights movement. Second wave feminism also included importantRead More Abortion Report Essay examples808 Words   |  4 Pageslooking at it: Pro-Choice, which takes the stance of saying that it is the womans choice if she wants to have an abortion and that it is only her business. So basically they want it to remain legal. Then there is the other stance of Pro-Life which says that it should not remain legal and that it is just about as bad as cold-blooded murder. I happen to agree with this. This is what I will be focusing on for the rest of my report. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I will first talk about Pro-Choice. Through

Cyber Espionage Attacks And Cyber Attacks - 1662 Words

Cyber Espionage Attacks This kind of attacks differ from other types of cyber-attacks as they have a different source from where the actual attack comes from, which is mainly from within the organization that is being attacked. It may be the most difficult type of attack in which organizations are able to defend themselves from, for example if the attack is emanating from an individual that holds a high rank within the company. Taking an example of the United States where the government has a process in place where it issues security clearances and the main idea behind this is to prevent the employees that are likely to perform espionage type of attacks not to gain access to classified or crucial information but however, the system has still not proved to be effective. So considering the types of attacks out there and the extremism with which they have potential to cause harm, it is clear that the threat posed by cyber-attacks is a very deadly one. Cyber-attacks have different origins from which they can be executed and the minds behinds those attacks may range from teenagers who are simply being mischievous, playing dare games, to identity thieves or groups that are after peoples’ financial information and identities to the most dangerous who might be enemy countries or terrorist groups who are mainly motivated by acquiring crucial information to instill harm to that particular nation or individual. Ashmore, W. C. in his journal Impact of Alleged Russian Cyber AttacksShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Threat of Cyber War1698 Words   |  7 PagesCNA’S AMMUNITION There are several different forms of cyber weapons, all of which can be used for either an attack or espionage. There are principally five common practices. The first of three attacks that will be examined is spoofing. SPOOFING Spoofing is an attack that falsifies information in order to disguise and misconstrue an identity to appear as someone else, or as an application. An example, per say, would be an instance that took place in Arizona at the works of Daniel David RigmaidenRead MoreCyber Warfare : A Nation State Or International Organization Essay2110 Words   |  9 Pages Cyber Warfare Introduction: Cyber warfare involves the actions by a nation-state or international organization to attack and attempt to damage another nation s computers or information networks through, for example, computer viruses or denial-of-service attack. The Internet has experienced a magnificent development over the past two decades, from a petite network limited chiefly to the scientific society to a universal network that counts more than two billion users. With development came risingRead MoreChina Saper Threat777 Words   |  4 PagesWeak USA Cyber Policy vs China’s Security Threat to the USA? Abstract A cyber spy network based mainly in China hacked into classified documents from government and private organizations. One of the biggest questions still remains unanswered. Should the U.S. Congress conduct an in depth assessment of Chinese cyber spying and consider imposing tougher penalties on companies that benefit from industrial espionage. In this paper I will review china’s cyber threat and possible USA solutionsRead MoreCybercrime Is A Serious Issue1444 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the main risks to cyber security and are states or non-state actors the main challenge? Word Count 1188 Cybercrime is a serious issue that the international community faces today, with risks such as theft, espionage, surveillance and sabotage, a very real and accessible threat exists. Cyber security can be defined as a cyber activity that may threaten the security of a system or its information (Threat report 2015). There are various state and nonRead MoreThomas Rid’s Arguement on the Impossibility of Cyber War Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagescontention that cyber war will not happen is that cyber war is completely misplaced if not entirely misunderstood. He argues that the concept of cyber war is not in tandem with the historical definition and understanding of what constitutes ‘’war’’. Rid’s definition of war, borrowed from Carl von Clausewitz, is that war must constitute three elements: violence, instrumental and political. (Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place, 2012) Therefore, his main argument against the possibility for cyber war is premi sedRead MoreEssay on Cyber Warfare909 Words   |  4 PagesCyber Warfare Autumn Volosin CIS 450 20 November 2012 Table of Contents Section 1.1: What is Cyber Warfare? Section 1.2: Methods of Cyber Warfare Attacks Section 1.3: Who is targeted by Cyber Warfare? Section 1.4: How to defend against Cyber Warfare Section 1.5: Cyber Warfare Companies and Agencies Section 1.6: Cyber Counterintelligence Section 1.7: Important situations pertaining to Cyber Warfare Section 1.8: America versus China Cyber Warfare Section 1.9: Cyber Warfare around theRead MoreCyber Warfare And The United States1059 Words   |  5 PagesCyber capabilities are evolving rapidly every day which makes cyber-attacks more prevalent in the present day. In the U.S., the most notable and highly debated international cyber-attacks tie back to China. â€Å"For years, the United States has argued that economic espionage by governments is wrong and should stop†. It was not until recently that the United States made this argument heard. In September of 2015, President Obama announced that the U.S. and Chinese governments had reached a deal againstRead MoreThe Future For National Security1496 Words   |  6 Pages As the world moves forward, there are new threats that arise and it is difficult to handle each one. One of the largest threats to any country are cyber-attacks/computer hacking. Each day on the news there is a developing story about a country’s data base being hacked by an anonymous source and all the classified files were exposed to the public. As a result, cybersecurity has increased significantly in the countries that can afford it. The United States and China have recently increased spendingRead MoreTheu.s. Contemporary Security Environment1527 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment. For years, the American people have been victimized by cyber-attacks by having their personal information, emails, credit card, and banking information stolen by an invisible enemy named cyberterrorism. These types of attacks seem insignificant however; they are small examples of the vulnerabilities that our cyber world is experiencing. Our vulnerabilities are leaving our public officials in significant danger from cyber-attacks, as they are vulnerable to such things as the release of personalRead MoreCommon Information Security Threats1179 Words   |  5 Pagesface from hackers and anarchist alike. For ever solution that companies come up with to defend themselves against cyber attacks, tho se who wish to do harm find other means to attack, it is a constant cat and mouse struggle. If 2011 has been any indication, it is clear that everyone is vulnerable to cyber attacks. There was wave after wave of hacking, malware, and spear-phishing attacks that succeeded in exploiting many well-known businesses, such as RSA and Sony, which lead to the exposure of millions

Shackleton Moral Challenge Free Essays

Earnest Shackleton: Moral Challenge Earnest Shackleton, leader of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition showed great moral leadership in the choosing, leading and ultimate saving of his crew of 27 men. Shackleton led his men with strength and respect. He had a great ability to showcase the strength of individual men, while leading them as a team. We will write a custom essay sample on Shackleton Moral Challenge or any similar topic only for you Order Now In choosing his crew, he not only looked at the work that they would do, but also how they would interact with the rest of the men. In the most trying of circumstances. Once it became apparent that the original goal of the mission was lost, Shackleton kept his crew working together towards the common goal of survival. Shackleton shows great leadership using six fundamental leadership traits: â€Å"Planning, Team Building, Flexibility, Communication, Conflict Resolution, and Lead by Example. † (Harris 21) Even as a child, Shackleton was seen as both a strong leader and an empathetic friend. A classmate recalled that Shackleton had â€Å"beaten up a schoolyard bully who had been picking on a smaller boy. From an early age, Shackleton gravitated to the role of protector, stepping up to the front to insist on fair play. † (Morrell and Capparell, 17) Shackleton has a history of putting his men above the goal. In 1907, he was 97 miles from the South Pole when he turned back in order to return his party safely back to the ship. This ability to both lead and protect would prove to be invaluable in the Trans-Antarctic expedition. Shackleton plans his expedition carefully. He is aware of the environment and conditions, having been on expeditions in the Antarctic and to the South Pole in the past. He overstocks on provisions to keep his men fed and stimulated. There was food, books, music and the best equipment available at the time, including rations to prevent scurvy and specially designed tents. Shackleton only takes risks when necessary and when lives were at stake. â€Å"He often referred to himself as â€Å"Old Cautious† and took pleasure when his men called him the same. † (Morrell and Capparell, 34) â€Å"Shackleton built the crew list around a nucleus of tested veterans. † (Lansing, 16) These included men who had been with him in expeditions to the Antarctic with Scott (1901, 1910-1911) or the race to the pole (1908-1909). Other crew members were chosen with their personalities and ability to work together in mind. Shackleton hired a meteorologist with practically no qualifications for the position, simply because he thought that he â€Å"looked funny† and had recently returned from an expedition to the Sudan. One surgeon was hired in part because he joked about wearing glasses. Another was asked if he was good natured and if he could sing. â€Å"Despite the instantaneous nature of these decisions, Shackleton’s intuition of selecting compatible men rarely failed. (Lansing, 17) Shackleton shows an ability to change his tactics and goals during the course of the expedition. At the start, he is focused on the goal of a trans-Antarctic crossing. When it becomes apparent that the Endurance is locked in ice and the crossing will not happen, he focuses on the immediate need to survive the upcoming Antarctic winter. â€Å"He was careful, however, not to betray his disappointment to the men, and he cheerfully supervised the routine of readying the ship for the long winter’s night ahead. (Lansing, 34) Once it is determined that the ship is being crushed, the focus lies on moving to, and surviving on, the ice floe. As the ice is breaking up, Shackleton sets his sights on land. The unpredictable winds and currents are what finally determine the choice of Elephant Island. This is a rocky, uninhabited island, but it was land, and a place where the men could stay while he led a small crew of six in a single boat to South Georgia Island. Communication is an important facet of Shackleton’s leadership. He is available to his men, but still keeps enough of a distance to maintain authority and order. His men call him â€Å"boss†. This shows a sense of familiarity – they don’t feel that they need to call him Captain Shackleton, but also respect for his position and that they look to him as their leader. Shackleton shows a great skill in talking to his crew so that they work well together. When Vincent, a member of the crew tries to gain advancement through the use of tyranny, Shackleton listens to the complaints of the other crewmembers, speaks to Vincent privately and the behavior is corrected. It is not known what was said, but the attitude was improved. This shows an ability to both manage a potential bad situation, but also to do it privately so that Vincent is not reprimanded in front of his co-workers. Shackleton seeks the advice and opinions of the crew when determining a course of action, allowing them to have a say in the decision. However, when it comes time to make the decision, Shackleton takes full ownership and sees it through. Conflicts were bound to arise during the course of the expedition and Shackleton used a variety of means to avoid or end the conflicts in a timely manner. Knowing the personalities of his crew was an asset. Shackleton knew that Hurley had an ego that needed to be stroked and included him in many of the high level meetings to prove that he was important to the expedition. Certain crew members were more negative and prone to cause problems. â€Å"In their tents on the ice, Shackleton ensured that the ability of such â€Å"bad actors† to erode morale was checked by having them reside in Shackleton’s own tent or Wild’s tent. † (Chappell, 2) Shackleton leads by example. He does not take special privileges for himself and often works harder than his men. He is the first one up and the last one to sleep – often staying up to watch the ice and the currents so that his men can rest. Shackleton also leads the final crew in the more than 700 mile trip from Elephant Island to South Georgia Island. He shows a positive attitude at all times, which keeps his crew optimistic as they work together to survive. This is no small feat as he is responsible for 27 lives and has to give up the main goal of the expedition, which was to cross the Antarctic. Shackleton never gives up. Even after he reaches the whaling station on South Georgia Island, he does not wait for a ship to be delivered to rescue his men. As he has done the entire journey, he uses the resources available until he is able to meet his goal of bringing his entire crew back to safety and civilization. I believe that Shackleton shows moral leadership in that he is more concerned for his crew than he is for himself and his reputation as an explorer. Instead of following Scott’s example of meeting the original goal, he considers the consequences of losing his crew and chooses life over glory. Scott ruled by brute force an intimidation. He refused to look beyond his goals and while he did reach the South Pole, he also lost his life and the lives of his crew in the process. Shackleton showed a respect for others his entire life and this did not change when he became a leader of expeditions. He turned back from the South Pole in 1909 because he felt that reaching his goal would sacrifice his crew. During the Endurance expedition he sets the goal for survival and rescue and sees it through to the end. No lives were lost and his crew shows respect and obedience to â€Å"the boss† throughout. Endurance scholar Caroline Alexander says that the crew had a saying about Sir Earnest: â€Å"For scientific discovery give me Scott. For speed and efficiency give me Amundsen. But when you’re in a hopeless case and disaster strikes, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton. † Works Cited Lansing, Alfred. Endurance: Shackleton’s Incredible Voyage. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1959. Harris, Michael. â€Å"Leadership in a Time of Crisis: The Shackleton Way. † E Academic Affairs, 2003: 14-28. Jan 15, 2012. http://www. iuk. edu/chancellor/assets/pdf/leadership-in-a-time-of-crisis. pdf Morrell, Margo and Capparell, Stephanie. Shackleton’s Way: Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer. New York: Viking Penguin, 2001. Chappell, Charles. â€Å"Shackleton’s Leadership of the Endurance Expedition. † Wharton Executive MBA Program, Class of 2001. Pages 1-5 How to cite Shackleton Moral Challenge, Papers

Mrs Dalloway

Mrs Dalloway-Time Essay Mrs DallowayIn Virginia Woolfs Mrs Dalloway, the representation of time and attitudes towards history, are one of the central experiences within her novel. Originally called The Hours, Woolf explores the existence of different time frameworks. The four main frameworks explored in the novel are clocktime, subjective time, historical and evolutionary time. Woolf deals with the transience of time in human existence. Life is portrayed in a state of constant creation, changing endlessly from moment to moment. The characters are pre-occupied with the essence of time. They are acutely aware of the moment as it passes, compounding their thoughts, feelings and apprehensions of the physical world in which the character moves. Others who live simultaneously yet individually also correlate the intimate connection of the moment to their own existence. At the same time, these experiences capitulate moments of similar experiences of the past through links of association. Through analysing the conne ction between the time frameworks, Woolf attempt to make a statement of human existence, and their ability to value the acts of war and patriotism, rather than acknowledge their true identity. The first and perhaps most noticeable, is the existence of an objective or clocktime framework. As we follow the lives of the characters, particularly the world of Clarissa Dalloway, we are constantly reminded of the regular passage of time, signaled by the striking of the clocks. Apart from the obvious usefulness it has in the daily lives of the characters, namely in the planning of Clarissas party, there is a second more prominent reason for its inclusion in the novel. The narrators function by announcing the chiming of the bells acts as a reminder of the ungoverned nature of time, and its inability to be restrained regardless of human desires. ..First a warning, musical; then the hour, irrevocable. The leaden circles dissolved in the air(pg6)The clear distinctions in time are highlighted by the momentary lapses back into reality bought about by the symbolic striking of the clock, emphasizing the hour in real terms. The constant chiming serves as an impersonal reminder of the present. In contrast to clocktime, is the framework of subjective time. Subjective moments are those in memory that can be recalled, but never relived. Such a timeframe is unlike clocktime, as it does not flow evenly yet at the same time is not momentary, and can be orchestrated by the individuals conscious recall. Its ability to not die away rapidly allows for it to exist in the individual’s mind, and by such existence, is generally memorable or of some importance to the person. In Mrs Dalloway, we see the characters recall the summer at Bourton, and their belief of how it has been crucial in determining their lives. This time in their lives, w hether in the past or future, is of significance, and therefore they have vivid memories of it. For Septimus, it is the death of his friend Evans that invades his subjective mind. His inability to control his memories results in his subjective time becoming frozen at that moment so that he lives it over and over again in various guises. For Peter Walsh, it is when ..He had found life like an unknown garden, full of turns and corners, surprisingly, yes; really it took ones breath away, these momentslike this moment, in which things came together;this ambulance; and life and death.. (pg136). Clarissa encounters also Only for a moment, she had a illumination; a match burning in a crocus; an inner meaning almost expressed (pg30). These fleeting experiences of revelation, their submerging into the subjective world, is short lived as they are brought back to the present by the switching to clock time, and again resumes their practical, social life. Although their individual revelations differ from one another, they are brought into a relationship by shared experiences, of watching the motor-car in which the Queen may be sitting, of gazing at the aeroplane sky-writing, or even the vague awareness of the chimes of Big Ben striking throughout the day. As Woolf illustrates in Mrs Dalloway, there is a close relationship betwee n the two frameworks of clocktime- the practical time to engage with the world, and the subjective time where a deeper, more enduring meaning to existence holds prominence. Virginia Woolf does not attempt to explain these meaning of these timeframes, but merely illustrate their existence. These moments can be unclear and interchangeable, but upon their reflection there is a essence that there is more to existence that patriotic pride of warfare. It is this point that Woolf establishes. A third framework of time in the novel is that of historical time. This specifically lies in the grouping of time periods in history based in significant historical events. Although the event of the Great War is of such historical magnitude, the novels ruling classes are portrayed to be living in a state of disguised decadence, and are clearly not aware on the importance of the War. Lady Bruton is a striking representation of this class. Although from a military family, she displays an incredible igno rance in failing to respond to what is happening in the world. Her traditions, mainly of archaic military and imperial origin, are in themselves representatives of historical views shared by the classes of the time. It is through the commemorative monuments scattered throughout London, and their reminders of the past, that we see Virginia Woolfs most obvious representation of history in the novel. By such military ties, Woolf illustrates the ability that traditional culture has to deny the reality of war by covering it with images of glamour and heroism. It also links the sentimental patriotic pride and attachment society has with warfare and its associations with royalty. By mention of the poor woman, nice children, orphans, widows, waiting to see the Queen go past in her car (pg18), the reader is given an insight into English culture, and their love of royalty, despite their solemn existence. In the character of Mr Bowley, we are given perhaps the most noticeable example of this. Described as sealed with wax over deeper sources of life (pg18), we see an individual who has suppressed the real world to the extent that he is unable to feel authentic emotions, yet is brought to tears over the visual presence of the royal car is seen passing through the streets of London. Personal Strengths And Weaknesses EssayYork Notes. Mrs Dalloway Virginia Woolf : York Notes. Harlow England: York Press 1986. Reprint 1997. Lee, Hermione. The Novels of Virginia Woolf. Methuen London. 1977Rose, Phyllis. Woman of Letters: A life of Virginia Woolf. Routledge and Kegan Paul London: 1978 (Ch7)Guiguet, Jean. Virginia Woolf and her Works. Hogarth Press London: 1965. Allen, Walter. The English Novel. Harmondsworth: England. 1954. Pg 348-351

Segmenting Business Markets free essay sample

In this lesson, we will discuss concepts and applications related to Business to Business (B2B) market segmentation. Market segmentation involves breaking down a large heterogeneous market into smaller homogeneous markets. Separate marketing programs – the marketing mix can then be developed to meet the needs of each segment. Concentration of marketing solutions is the key component of all marketing plans, and market segmentation is the tool that allows marketers to achieve this focus. Segmentation also helps marketers to satisfy customers while meeting their organization’s objectives. A segmentation base is a characteristic or variable of individuals, groups, or organizations that is used to divide a total market into segments. Markets can be segmented using a single or multiple variables. The five bases of segmentation commonly used in the B2C marketplace we learned are: 1. Geographic is based on region, size, density, and climate characteristics. 2. Demographic is based on age, gender, income level, ethnicity, and family life-cycle characteristics. We will write a custom essay sample on Segmenting Business Markets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Psychographic includes personality, motives, and lifestyle characteristics. 4. Benefits segmentation identifies customers according to the benefits they seek in a product. 5. Usage segmentation divides a market by the amount of product purchased or consumed. Bases for Segmenting Business Markets: We know that the business market consists of four broad segments described as producers, resellers, institutions, and governments. However, just as with consumer markets, further segmentation can help B2B marketers to better refine their marketing mix. Company characteristics, such as geographic location, type of company, company size, and product can be used as segmentation variables. Customer type allows business marketers to customize their programs to the unique needs of particular types of organizations or industries. Information from sources such as Statistics Canada , U. S. Census Bureau and the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) are used by many marketers to tailor programs to specific business sectors. Firmographics is a term often used to describe this segmentation based on various characteristics of an organization. What demographics are to consumer markets, Firmographics are to organizations. Commonly-used firmographics include employee size, revenue size, industry, number of locations and location of headquarters. Marketers typically combine several variables to define a Firmographics profile of their target market customers. Food for thought: Jeffrey Henning, Founder VP, Strategy at Vovici (Voice of the Customer technology solutions) provides historical notes on the introduction of the concept of Firmographics and its uses in B2B marketing including a template that you might find useful! How they buy segmentation is another variable that can be very useful to marketers developing programs for the business buyer. The descriptors of these high level attributes are: a. ) Satisficers usually contact familiar suppliers and place an order with the first to satisfy product, delivery requirements or other purchase criteria the organization might establish. b. ) Optimizers consider numerous suppliers, both familiar and unfamiliar, and then solicit bids and analyze options. Governments and Non profit organizations generally utilize this approach. Size of the order or cost will also factor in to whether the buying organization will be a satisficer or an optimizer. For this reason marketers must be careful not to oversimplify when assigning this segmentation base. A growing trend in business marketing is the development of market segments based on the characteristics of the individual buying influencers found in the target customer organizations that have been identified through Firmographics. The Buyers personal characteristics or psychographics can influence their buying behavior and therefore offer a viable basis for segmenting in many business markets. These characteristics include: * Demographic characteristics * Decision style * Tolerance for risk * Confidence level * Job responsibilities Psychographics are extremely useful data to gather, but not essential for all businesses. Obviously more critical in the consumer space it can also help in B2B businesses by defining potential customer attitudes to the products/services offered. Many marketer’s have taken this concept further with the development of buyer personas to facilitate and fine tune the marketing messages directed at their most sought after customers. Adelle Revella, a thought leader on product and marketing strategies delivers further insights on this topic in her Buyer Persona Blog. Other B2C market segmentation bases such as Benefits sought and Usage rate may also be applied in business markets. The aim of market segmentation is to arrive at clusters of like-minded companies to allow marketing programs to focus on the subset of prospects that are most likely to purchase. There is a very strong pressure to use segmentation in B2B markets to win a competitive advantage where there is little to differentiate one product offering from another. Segmentation therefore links strongly with a firm’s marketing strategy to achieve a sustainable differentiated position. Market Strategies for Business Market segmentation is the first step in determining whom to approach about buying a product. The next task is to choose one or more target markets – the group of people or the organizations for which the firm will design, implement and maintain a marketing mix. This stage is the Target Market strategy or Targeting strategy and is characterized by the marketer’s decision about market approach. There are three distinct strategies that may be elected. Let’s refresh our memories. A. Undifferentiated Marketing Strategy This means the market is treated as if it were one similar market segment. It focuses on the common needs of the group rather than the differences. Its advantage is that it keeps costs down for marketing and similar related efforts. It works best with organizations that offer stable type products such as gasoline. An undifferentiated targeting strategy is essentially a mass-market philosophy—viewing the market as one big market and using one marketing mix. It is the least successful B2B targeting strategy a marketer can adopt. B. Multisegment Marketing Strategy Is a strategy that chooses two or more well defined market segments for which the organization will develop and maintain a unique marketing mix. Often the core product will remain the same but the firm develops separate marketing messages, pricing, promotion material and so forth. An example of this strategy is found at Halogen Software, the human resources or talent management solution providers. Halogen has developed core software components. By packaging the core software with additional resources Halogen can appeal to different B2B market segments. Halogen Software has â€Å" optimized† solutions (product/services) for human resource professionals in healthcare, financial services, education, and manufacturing and maybe more. C. Concentrated Marketing Strategy The concentrated targeting strategy is a marketing approach based on appealing to a single segment of a market. It focuses a firms marketing efforts on a single segment or market niche. A firm can concentrate on understanding the needs, motives, and satisfactions of the members of one segment and on developing and maintaining a highly specialized marketing mix.

Ginger and Turmeric Essay Example

Ginger and Turmeric Essay Example Ginger and Turmeric Essay Ginger and Turmeric Essay Ginger and Turmeric Introduction Ginger Ginger and turmeric are categorize in the same household, Zingiberaceae, along with cardamon ( White 2007 ) ( Leal 2003 ) . The most often used herbal addendum is Zingiber officinale, which is the scientific name for ginger ( White 2007 ) . The scientific name of ginger, Zingiber officinale, was created by Linaeus a Swedish phytologist from the eighteenth century. Linaeus named ginger after Singabera, or shaped like a horn, which is an Indian Sanskrit ( Hoffman, 2007 ) .Ginger is known for its overpowering odor and gustatory sensation and besides for its medical usage to cut down sickness ( White 2007 ) . The well-known olfactory property of ginger is from the ketones, one of these ketones is gingerol ( White 2007 ) . The strong gustatory sensation that ginger possesses is from phenylproanoids, non pungent fats and waxes ( Hoffman 2007 ) .Ginger s gustatory sensation is known when its hydrocarbon dress suits unite with its receptors ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginerols and zingerone are the n on-volatile phenylpropanoids that contribute to ginger s gustatory sensation ( Hoffman 2007 ) .The dehydrated signifier of these molecules are gingerols and shogals which has a batch stronger gustatory sensation ( Hoffman 2007 ) . The rootstock, which is a steam, is usually consumed but is referred to as the â€Å"ginger root† ( White 2007 ) . Ginger can be consumed in many signifiers of which are as juice, dry power, sirup or even in pill signifier for easy digestion ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Fresh ginger does non incorporate zingerone but one time cooked the piquant sweet spirit of zingerone appears from ginerol change overing into zingerone ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Turmeric : Curcuma longa, or turmeric, is known for being an Indian spice ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric is located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, China, the Caribbean Island and South America ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . Turmeric is known for the peculiar reign of Asia and the Middle Eastern states ( Tayyem et al. , 2006 ) . In India, the mean ingestion of Curcuma longa is about 2 to 2.5 gms, this means that the ingestion of curcumin is anyplace from 60 to100 mg a twenty-four hours ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . Turmeric is used in nutrients for its xanthous colour and spirit ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) .Turmeric has been used in laxatives and as a pesticide ( Negi etal. , 1999 ) .In 1910, Lampe and Milobedzka, discovered what made the celebrated xanthous colour in Curcuma longa, which is curcumin ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Medically turmeric is known for its anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, antimutagenic and anti-inflammatory activities ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . When curcumin is taken by oral cavity it has a low bioavailabilit y ( Tayyem et al. , 2006 ) . Turmeric has many effects on the Deoxyribonucleic acid by suppressing the devastation, take downing the mutants and assisting fix DNA ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . It was besides shown that the degree of detoxicating enzymes addition with the sum of Curcuma longa ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . Turmeric is autochthonal to the topical part of South and Southeast Asia ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . The manner that Curcuma longa is used in nutrient in India is that it is fried or it is boiled and at these elevated temperature this still did non impact Curcuma longa s ability to forestall mutations ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . Historical Use Ginger Ginger has been historically used for colds, febrilities, digestive jobs and to increase the appetency ( White 2007 ) . Ginger has been referred to in the antediluvian passages in states like China, Ancient Rome, India, Arabia and Greece ( Olgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Ginger has been utilize in legion of ways because of its olfactory property and besides in culinary ways by adding it to throng, drinks, staff of lifes and Sweets ( Olgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Ginger has been used for diarrhoea, gastritis, and sickness for 1000s of old ages in Asiatic medical specialty ( Olgoli et al. , 2009 ) . In China and Thai ginger has been used in commanding sickness and emesis in pregnant adult females ( Olgoli et al. , 2009 ) . For 1000s of old ages, ginger has been used for medical intents every bit Wellss as a culinary spice added to nutrient for its colour and spirit ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger has been discussed in many ancient Indian, Arab, Chinese, Greek and Roman medical text on the medical used o f it and was referred to as the cosmopolitan medical specialty in India ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger has been used for jobs related to the respiratory and digestive piece of lands every bit good as a quinine water for the bosom and a paste to assist with concerns and hurting articulations due to arthritis ( Hoffman 2007 ) . The GI piece of land has been benefited a great trade from ginger by suppressing stomachic ulcers, increasing digestion enzymes, and bettering the secernment of gall ( Chen et al, 2007 ) . There is a wild ginger located in Hawaii that is used for cuts, contusions, sores, fungous tegument infections, painful articulations, sprains, concerns, stomach aches and odontalgias ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Turmeric Turmeric was used as a intervention for diseases related to redness in Ayurvedic medical specialty ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric was used in historically in Indian medical specialty for arthritic upsets, GI upsets, for lesion healing and even for taking worm from people and animate beings to cosmetics ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . Turmeric in paste signifier has been used on poulet syphilis, little syphilis, and rubeolas ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . In India there is land that is set aside for the growing of spices and condiment ; 60 per centum of that land is used for the growing of Curcuma longa ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . For spiritual ritual Curcuma longa has been used as dyes for non merely fabric but besides used on the tegument ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . Bioactive Ingredient Ginger Two bioactive ingredients of ginger are shogaols and gingerols which act like antioxidants ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . There are extra compounds in ginger infusion that stop the turning of micro-organisms and consequence the growing of specifically Mycobacterium TB and Mycobacterium avium ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . Another bioactive ingredient of ginger is zingerone, it helps with the bar of diarrhoea due to pathogens ( Chen, 2007 ) . The bioactive ingredients of ginger, that make ginger known for its map of being an: antioxidant, anti-angiogenesis, anti-cancer, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti inflammatory are gingerol, shogoal, and paradol ( Hanim et al. , 2008 ) . The manner these molecules are able to posses all of these belongingss is by cut downing the figure activity of atomic factor-kappa B. Nuclear factor-kappa B is of import in the ability for the cell to multiply and organize new blood vass. When atomic factor-kappa B inhibited it hinders the formation of new blood vass and the c ells ability to quickly multiply ( Hanim et al. , 2008 ) . Saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are all found in ginger ( Ghayur A ; Gilani, 2005 ) . ( Hoffman 2007 ) Tumeric Curcuminoids are a bioactive ingredient in Curcuma longa that has antioxidant belongingss ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . In a reaction that requires polykedtide synthase, two p-coumaroyl-CoA molecules are joined together with a malonyl-CoA molecule to let go of a H2O molecule and signifier curcuminoids ( Ramirez-Ahumada et al. , 2006 ) .There are three types of curcuminoids, they are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemthoycurcumin ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric has the largest sum of curcumin compared to other spices ; turmeric is 3.14 per centum curcumin and can be up to 9 per centum curcuminoids ( Tayyem et al. , 2006 ) ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . The carbonyl group in curcumin has been related to how turmeric may assist with forestalling malignant neoplastic disease ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . Curcumin is virtually H2O indissoluble because it s a lipotropic polyphenol molecule ( Jurenka 2009 ) . In add-on, curcumin can last the acidic content of the tummy ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Another of import group of ingredients in Curcuma longa are the volatile oils ; rumerone, zingiberone, and atlantone ( Jurenka 2009 ) . ( Ahmed A ; Gilani, 2008 ) Modern Use Ginger Related to Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea The manner that ginger prevents purging is non a known mechanism ( White 2007 ) . But what is considered is that ginger stops the binding of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and has an consequence on the GI system along with the cardinal nervous system to forestall emesis ( White 2007 ) . Ginger has shown to hold a positive consequence on cut downing sickness and emesis related to both gestation and station operation ( White 2007 ) . Pregnant adult females taking ginger by capsule have shown to see positive consequences by holding a lessening in sickness and emesis ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Womans who are pregnant and sing sickness and emesis should take 250 milligram of ginger four times a twenty-four hours ( White 2007 ) . In China, United Kingdom, and Thailand ginger is listed on the pharmacopeias list for being an of import drug for pregnant adult females because of its ability to diminish sickness and emesis ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . In a survey with pregnant adult females, 77 pe r centum of the adult females had a major betterment in the badness of sickness and 67 per centum had a lessening in frequence of purging when utilizing ginger sirup ( Ozgoli et al, 2009 ) . When ginger is taken by either capsule or sirup at that place was a positive consequence in cut downing sickness ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Levine et Al. found that sickness was slowed down during chemotherapy interventions when ginger was combined with protein ( Levine et al. , 2008 ) . In a recent survey done by Chen et al. , they found an extra benefit to ginger, that it prevents diarrhoea ( Chen et al, 2007 ) . The manner ginger halt diarrhoea is by suppressing the B fractional monetary unit of heat-labile enterotoxin from attaching to the ganglioside GM1 ( Chen et al. , 2007 ) . Ginger and Arthritis There are varied positions on whether ginger has any consequence on alleviating hurting from arthritis ( White 2007 ) . There was a survey that showed a important difference in cut downing arthritis symptoms in the articulatio genus with the utilizations of ginger infusion but another survey said that it may merely be in the first stage of intervention that symptoms are reduced ( White 2007 ) . Patients taking ginger in the pulverization signifier have noticed a lessening in swelling and hurting ( White 2007 ) . There has non been much research on the usage of ginger rubbing oil but it is an option to ease the hurting from inflamed articulations ( White 2007 ) . In a survey performed on rats, the topics were injected with polyarthritis which is like inflammation and annoyance to the tegument, arthritic arthritis, and degenerative arthritis and each rat s articulatio genus was measured before redness ( Levy et al. , 2006 ) .One group of rats was given 6.2 mg/kg of 6-shogaol per a twen ty-four hours, this group had much lower sum of swelling in the articulatio genus compared to the control group ( Levy et al. , 2006 ) .After 28 yearss of the test, the puffiness of the 6-shogaol group was about every bit low as the perimeter of the articulatio genus measuring before the test began ( Levy et al. , 2006 ) . The manner that 6-shogaol reduced the redness was by maintaining monocytes, macrophages, leucocyte, and lymphocytes in the blood and suppressing the motion of them into the synovial pit ( Levy et al. , 2006 ) . Ginger and Heart Disease One of ginger s known belongingss is consequence on cholesterin, which is known as hyocholesterosterolamic, holding low entire cholesterin and low denseness lipoprotein are to of import constituents in cut down hazard for bosom disease ( A1-Amin et al. , 2006 ) .Ginger may take down the hazard of bosom disease by mooing cholesterin and thinning the blood to forestall coagulums from organizing ( Hoffman 2007 ) . In a survey performed on rats, when taking ginger day-to-day the blood cholesterin of the rats was reduced but had an reverse affect on blood sugar by increasing it in the rats ( Srinivasan 2005 ) High blood force per unit area is another hazard factor in holding an addition hazard for bosom disease. The ginger root has been shown in surveies utilizing rats to be lower high blood force per unit area but there are really few surveies done with worlds ( Chen et al. , 2009 ) . The two ingredient of ginger that has a lower consequence of blood force per unit area are 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol but the mechanism of how they do it is unknown ( Chen et al. , 2009 ) . When rats were given ginger there was a 44 per centum lessening in blood cholesterin degrees. After seven hebdomads of ginger intervention at that place was a 41 per centum lessening in triglycerides in these same rats ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . Ginger and Anti-inflammatory agents Ginger can be consumed as tea or you can inhale the bluess through steam, this is a method usage to diminish redness in upper respiratory infections like grippe, sinusitis, colds and bronchitis ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger has besides been good in adult females who experience painful catamenial rhythms ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger and Antimicrobial Activity Ginger infusion slows down the growing of two bacteriums, Mycobacterium TB and Mycobacterium avium. This is a really important happening due to the addition of TB the past few old ages and the addition in drug immune Mycobacterium TB ( Leal et al, 2003 ) . Patients who are immune compromised benefit from the antimicrobic activity of ginger ( Leal et al. , 2003 ) . Ginger and Diabetes There have been assorted reappraisals on if ginger has blood glucose heavy effects and if it beneficial to diabetics. Some surveies show that it lowers blood glucose in both diabetic and non-diabetic animate beings but it besides shows that ginger has increased blood glucose degrees ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . In a trail with rats that had been by experimentation induced with diabetes they found that ginger could assist in the intervention of diabetes ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . The group of rats that had diabetes that were treated with ginger had a 52 per centum lessening in their blood glucose degrees ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . The non-diabetic rats did addition weight through this test and the control diabetic group lost weight ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . The diabetic rats that were treated with ginger, at the terminal of the test had maintained their weight ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . The protein degrees present in the piss of the rats that were given ginger had decrease by 60 p er centum ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . In the diabetic rats that were administrated ginger, there was a decrease in both urine elimination every bit good as H2O ingestion ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . Ginger enhances the release of insulin from the beta cells in the pancreases ; this is one of the few mechanisms that result in a good result on people with diabetes ( Al-Amin et al. , 2006 ) . Ginger and Cancer The induction of atomic factor-kappa B is stopped by ginger root, which will suppress the growing of the tumour cell and the ability of new blood vass to provide blood and foods to the tumour ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . Ovarian malignant neoplastic disease cells have shown to decelerate down and even halt growing in the presences of 6-shagoal, a constituent of ginger ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . After one to five yearss of ovarian malignant neoplastic disease cells being in the presence of ginger the growing of the cells slowed down. With the dose ranging every bit high as 50 micrograms/ul to every bit low as 30 micrograms/ul of ginger there was grounds of decelerating down of the cell growing of the malignant neoplastic disease cells ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . Prostate malignant neoplastic disease, colon malignant neoplastic disease, GI malignant neoplastic disease, and chest malignant neoplastic disease has been reduced in happening with the addition of ginger and other functional nutrie nts ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . With the fillet of atomic factor-kappa B, this shows that another benefit to ginger is that it is anti-neoplastic ( Rhode et al. , 2007 ) . There was a lessening in the spreading of malignant neoplastic disease in the lungs when a bioactive ingredient of ginger, 6-gingerol, was administrated to mice ( Yance A ; Sagar et al. , 2006 ) . Turmeric and Anti-inflammatory The inflammatory diseases that benefit from Curcuma longa are inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, arthritis, certain malignant neoplastic diseases and chronic front tooth uveitis ( Jurenka 2009 ) . There are many ways that curcumin, in turmeric, decreases redness for illustration the down ordinance of cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) and lipoxygenase ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Another manner that redness is reduced is to halt the formation of inflammatory cytokines. Some of these cytokines are interleukin -1, -2, -6, -8 and -12, migration inhibitory protein, tumor mortification factor-alpha ( TMF-alpha ) and monocyte chemoacttractant protein ( MCP ) ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-kB ) is inhibited by curcumin, which prevents the action of inducible azotic oxide syntheses and Cox-2 ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Nuclear factor kappa B is affects redness, the growing of a new tumour, cell growing and division, and transmutation ( Jurenka 2009 ) . When taking 50 to 200mg/kg of curcumin, in mice, there was a smaller happening of hydrops and at 48mg/kg there was an even smaller happening of hydrops by 50-percent ( Jurenka 2009 ) . When there has been harm to the mucosal cells, for illustration Ulcerative Colitis, curcumin is shown to cut down the redness ( Jurenka 2009 ) . When giving curcumin to rats with Ulcerative Colitis, that was induced by experimentation, there was a lessening in redness and advancement in cut downing badness of symptoms ; this was besides true in rats that had by experimentation induced pancreatitis ( Jurenka 2009 ) . When comparing curcumin to phenylbutazone and a placebo, which was lactose pulverization, 400mg of curcumin showed the best consequences in diminishing redness in patient after surgery ( Jurenka 2009 ) . A survey done on patients with an inflammatory oculus disease, anterior uveitis, there showed a positive consequence from the usage of curcumin. There were two groups, one took 375 milligram of curcumin entirely and the other group took the 375mg of curcumin combined with antitubercular therapy. Following two hebdomads of these therapies, the group that took merely curcumin at that place was a 100 per centum betterment but the group with the combination of curcumin with the antitubercular therapy merely had an 86 per centum betterment ( Jurenka 2009 ) . In animate beings, curcumin has slowed down multiple induration ( Fahey et al. , 2007 ) Turmeric and Gastric Ulcers When a survey was done, on patients diagnosed with peptic ulcers, curcumin showed an absence of ulcers at their cheque up. Patients were told to take 600mg of curcumin 30 to 60 proceedingss prior to eating a repast, so at 4:00 autopsy and one time once more anterior to traveling to bed, so approximately five times a twenty-four hours. This survey was conducted for 12 hebdomads and in a 3rd of the manner through the survey 48 per centum of the patients did non hold any ulcers. When the 12 hebdomads were over 76 per centum of patients were absent of ulcers ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric and Arthritis When rats were given 4mg/kg of curcuminoids per a twenty-four hours four yearss before arthritis inducted injection there was a 75 per centum lessening in joint redness in a rats with acute arthritis and a 68 per centum lessening in joint redness in rats with chronic arthritis ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Due to low degrees of soaking up, they decided to see if unwritten curcuminoids would diminish joint redness. Four yearss before given the arthritis inducted injections the rats were given a high unwritten dosage of curcuminoids, by the 3rd twenty-four hours there was a 48 per centum lessening in joint redness. This showed that the unwritten consumption of curcuminoids can still take down joint redness in respects to arthritis ( Jurenka 2009 ) . There was a decrease in conceited articulations and stiffness in the forenoon and an addition in walk-to clip for people with arthritic arthritis when taking 1200 milligram of curcumin a twenty-four hours ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Four yearss before the inje ction, the rats were given 23mg/kg/day of curcuminoids ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . In an acute inflammatory province, there was an suppression of 64 per centum and an even better consequence with chronic arthritis with a 72 per centum suppression ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . Funk et Al. found that whether it is a big sum of fraction Curcuma longa or a little sum of curcuminoids that are have been purified, they both have shown to hold benefits to arthritis and assist stamp down it ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . However they do believe that the more harmless and more successful signifier is purified curcuminoids ( Funk et al. , 2006 ) . Turmeric and Cancer The ability to forestall rapid cell growing and the ability to do signaling that will ensue in cell decease are two of import ways curcumin has show to halt the growing of malignant neoplastic disease ( Fahey et al. , 2007 ) . When curcumin stops the actions of signal transducer and activator of written text 3, this promotes the decease of the malignant neoplastic disease cell ( Fahey et al. , 2007 ) . Curcumin has thought to hold consequence that can suppress the growing of malignant neoplastic disease and many surveies have shown that curcumin has stopped the formation of malignant neoplastic disease cells ( Jurenka 2009 ) . There are many mechanism of how curcumin lessening the hazard of malignant neoplastic disease. High degrees of COX-2 have been related to malignant neoplastic disease ; therefore curcumin is good by diminishing COX-2 and NF-kB ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Lipoxygenase is used to metabolise arachidonic acid, when this occurs scavenging free groups are formed. The manner c urcumin has anti-cancer activity is it interferes with lipoxygenase to decelerate down the metamorphosis of arachidonic acid, which reduces the free groups ( Jurenka 2009 ) . The growing of malignant neoplastic disease cells is slowed down when curcumin reduces the happening of inflammatory cytokines IL -1B, IL-6, and TNF-a ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Protein kinase C is an intercellular signaling protein in which intervenes on the rapid growing and redness of the cells, curcumin down-regulates these enzymes to cut down the growing of tumours ( Jurenka 2009 ) . The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant actions of curcumin play a large function in its bar of malignant neoplastic disease ( Tayyem et al.2006 ) . In colon malignant neoplastic disease nowadays in animate beings, curcumin slowed down the growing of tumours ( Tayyem et al. , 2006 ) . Turmeric and Irritable Bowel Syndrome ( IBS ) One of the most often experienced symptoms of Cranky Bowel Syndrome is abdominal hurting. In an eight hebdomad survey done on patients with Cranky intestine syndrome patients were divided into two groups and administrated 72mg of turmeric infusion or 144mg of turmeric infusion ( Jurenka 2009 ) . . Half manner through the survey the happening of IBS had decrease by 53 per centum in patients taking 72 milligram of turmeric infusion and there was a 60 per centum decrease in patient taking 144mg of turmeric infusion. When the survey was complete at that place was a 22 per centum lessening in abdominal hurting in patients taking 72mg and a 25 per centum lessening in patients having 144mg of turmeric infusion ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Turmeric and Blood Glucose Levels In some surveies, they found that Curcuma longa has a positive consequence on glucose tolerance ( Srinivasan 2005 ) . In people taking curcumin, an active ingredient in Curcuma longa, they were able to take down their fasting blood sugar degrees, which resulted in their insulin dose decreasing ( Srinivasan 2005 ) . In a survey that looked at rats with diabetes, the rootstock infusion exhibited lower degrees of blood sugar degrees ( Srinivasan 2005 ) . The decision, of the survey was that people that are diabetic will profit from 1 gm of turmeric power with a healthy diet ( Srinivasan 2005 ) . Turmeric and Heart Disease Turmeric s anti-oxidant belongingss help in the combat against bosom disease. When Curcuma longa was from one to five per centum of the diet within four hebdomads cholesterin and triglycerides had decreased while HDL had increased ( Krishnaswamy 2007 ) . In a 60 twenty-four hours test, a group of people were given 20 milligram of curcumin. At the terminal of the test the degrees of high denseness lipoprotein and low denseness lipoproteins peroxidation concentration had been reduced from anyplace between 25 per centum to 50 per centum ( Bosca et al. , 1997 ) . Turmeric and Alzheimer s Disease When looking at the population if India, there was a noticeable nexus between Alzheimer s disease and Curcuma longa. Turmeric is a greatly used spice in India and the prevalence of Alzheimer s disease is lower in India when compared to the United States ( Calabrese et al. , 2003 ) . There is non much scientific happening on turmeric suppressing Alzheimer s disease and the manner it is done is unknown ( Ahmed A ; Gilani, 2008 ) . When detecting the activity of AChE and the curcuminoids, bisdemethoxycurcumin was the most powerful curcuminoid while curcumin was the least effectual curcuminoid ( Ahmed A ; Gilani, 2008 ) . In the trial to analyze memory keeping, they used rats that had scopolamine-induced memory loss and the Morris H2O labyrinth. After being injected with hyoscine, the rats were given either a mixture of curcuminoid or either bisdemethoxycurcumin, or curcumin. All curcuminoids, either the mixture or separately, showed reverse effects of the scopolamine-induced memory lo ss, which showed that curcuminoids could be used for handling Alzheimer s disease ( Ahmed A ; Gilani, 2008 ) .In the encephalon, curcumin reduces the oxidative emphasis, lower the sum of plaque and inhibits redness. These actions are cardinal constituents in forestalling Alzheimer s disease but this can besides play a portion in suppressing the development of Parkinson s disease besides ( Lim et al. , 2001 ) . Turmeric and Antibiotics Activity One of good know maps of Curcuma longa is its ability to suppress the growing of bacteriums. Turmeric has shown to suppress the growing of many bacteriums including, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( Negi et al. , 1999 ) . Other bacteriums that is inhibited by ginger is Helicobacter pylori ( De et al. , 2009 ) . Gram positive bacteriums required a batch less measure of turmeric oil than gm negative to suppress bacteriums ( Negi et al, 1999 ) . Gram positive merely required 50 ppm to suppress the growing of bacteriums but 200 autopsy was require to suppress the growing of gm negative bacteriums ( Negi et al. , 1999 ) . Safety/Toxicity Ginger Ginger is listed on the WHO monograph and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration s safe herb list ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Ginger may impact the GI piece of land somewhat and do pyrosis, diarrhoea, and annoyance to the oral cavity but besides these symptoms ginger does non do any inauspicious effects ( White 2007 ) . In animate beings, ginger had inotropic effects which lead to arrhythmia ( White 2007 ) . It has been shown that 1,000 milligrams a twenty-four hours of ginger is safe and has had better consequences than the higher doses ( Ozgoli et al. , 2009 ) . Ginger ingestion should non transcend 4 gms a twenty-four hours and ginger should non be given to kids under the age of 2 ( Hoffman 2007 ) . If person is on Coumadin they should look into with their physician about taking high dosage of ginger ( White 2007 ) . Patients should speak to their primary attention doctor about taking Coumadin and ginger they both holding blood thinning effects ( Hoffman 2007 ) .There needs to be more research on inauspicious consequence and drug interaction with ginger ( White 2007 ) . If person has bilestones, they need to speak to their physician about taking ginger as a medical specialty due to the ginger increasing the flow of gall ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Ginger has no inauspicious effects on the results of gestation and is a safe and practical merchandise to be used ( White 2007 ) . The authority of ginger additions when it is in pulverization signifier, so it is advised that pregnant adult females do non take ginger in powdery signifier ( Hoffman 2007 ) . Turmeric Turmeric has shown to be a really safe addendum. In a human test that lasted for three months they were administrated 8 gms of curcumin a twenty-four hours and determined that it was safe ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . Surveies have shown that it is safe to take up to 8 gms of curcumin, an ingredient in turmeric, on a day-to-day bases ( Jurenka 2009 ) .The merely concern with Curcuma longa is hepatotoxicity ; in two surveies done with rats and mice hepatotoxicity was demoing up in trial ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . In one survey, rat and mice were given a diet of 5 per centum Curcuma longa and turmeric infusion for 90 yearss at that place were inauspicious consequence of weight loss, alteration in the weight of the liver, and hepatotoxicity ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . Another survey performed on mice, within 14 yearss of the survey there were marks of hepatotoxicity ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . The diet was made of 0.2 per centum to 5 per centum Curcuma longa and a.05 per centum to 0.25 per centum ethanolic turmeric infusion ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . In human surveies at that place seem to be no job with hepatotoxicity and Chainani Wu believes this because worlds metabolize curcumin more easy than rats ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . In the survey done by Bosca et al. , they had non inauspicious side consequence on the liver from Curcuma longa ; they looked at liver enzyme and monitored the bilrubin degrees ( Bosca et al. , 1997 ) . If patients are taking chemotherapy drugs they should speak with their physicians ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Curcumin can suppress every bit good as enhance chemotherapy drugs, so it is of import to discourse the type of drug you are taking with your physician ( Jurenka 2009 ) . Patients on anticoagulant and antiplatetlet medical specialties should speak to their physicians before taking high doses of curcumin ; because of its ability prevent thrombocyte collection ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . If patients are enduring from bilestone before taking big dosage of turmeric they should discourse it with a physician. The contractions of the gall bladder are increased when taking curcumin ( Chainani-Wu 2003 ) . Decision Both ginger and Curcuma longa have been proven safe by many surveies and have shown great benefits to the wellness of persons. Turmeric and ginger both have shown to diminish negative effects of diabetes, bosom disease, arthritis, and malignant neoplastic disease. Both of these spices show antimicrobic and anti-inflammatory belongingss. There seem to be no damaging side consequence of taking ginger or Curcuma longa, so there is no injury seeking to add more into your diet. As with adding any addendum it best to take in moderateness and reach your primary attention doctor.

To what extent does the European Union policy of free movement of Essay

To what extent does the European Union policy of free movement of persons discriminate against the non-European 'others' - Essay Example The paper tells that the EU (European Union) policy concerning free movement within its member states has, in many quarters been taunted to be extremely discriminative in nature.This policy on free movement of persons tend to, in particular, discriminate against people from other parts of the world- the non Europeans, commonly referred to as â€Å"others†. The E.U’’s hostility towards immigrants has been discussed at length in various forums. A very important aspect of the said immigration policy that many find not friendly is in the treatment of people who are from troubled countries, for instance due to problems like wars, lawlessness and require humanitarian assistance like, for instance refugees. In most cases helpless and poor or stateless individuals who basically throw themselves around or on the mercy and sympathy of the state that they deem safe, seeking refuge from ill treatment in their country of origin have always had it rough upon attempting to gain entry in countries that subscribe to the European Union. For the sake of highlighting the xenophobic treatment and approach that immigrants face countries like France, United Kingdom and Italy will be used because they are believed to be very notorious for this kind of discriminative treatment. Majority of these member states always claim that with the steady rise of terrorism and related activities worldwide they have all the reasons to be discriminative against anybody coming into their country. Another commonly blamed excuse, which to them is a major concern, is the national and regional security of the various nations that allow people to cross over their borders. They have this mentality that terrorists and other people with ill intensions are very likely to come in from overseas2. These kinds of concerns and worries often lead to very thorough and intrusive security checks and scrutiny and stringent visa requirements and in the process discouraging immigration, short term and temporary visitors from other parts of the world and even the movement that people like having within their continent and countries. There has been frantic search to solutions to this tight regulations and even pressure from all over the world for European Union to loosen some of the aspects of the immigration policy and inspections to create an ample environment which can help promote tourism and other developmental aspects like relocation and transfer of businesses to other countries from, for instance, destabilized countries or better yet regions3. Since most of the member states of the European Union allow free movement of individuals within the union under an exemption commonly known as Schengen arrangement which many immigrant refers to as the discriminative extra communitarian movement of individuals i.e. non-European Union citizens4. This is, indeed an irony in the sense that the European Union allows movement of individuals freely within its various member states but unfor tunately takes a very tough and harsh approach towards immigrants from non European Union countries. This xenophobic treatment and approach of the European Union is basically rooted in very complex historical, political, social and economic contexts which this paper intends to intensively and extensively look and discuss in details. Historical Historically, even before the establishment of the European Union, most of the countries that are now in the union had a negative attitude towards people moving into their countries because they believed that such moves would create competition for the available resources .The historical perspective and aspects of the heinous xenophobic approach that EU had, greatly affected the ambitions and desires of many immigrants who really yearned to visit or even temporarily move into the EU

You can choose the topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can choose the topic - Research Paper Example In the ‘experience machine’ proposed by Nozick, we may be brought to ask – how can one be infinitely happy in a setting where no knowledge or feeling of pain is evident? How is it ever possible in a virtual sphere of living to attain true happiness if in this world we have no way of distinguishing pain from pleasure since pleasure is all there is? Apart from any form of suffering or unpleasant experience, it would be difficult to figure out what being truly happy is like for our basic concept of happiness is normally derived from the notion of its opposite. Moreover, Nozick’s virtual machine, as it is by nature, would bear no potential of subjecting us to the challenges which form the essence of life as we have been significantly aware of through our regular encounter of reality. Dwelling in an ‘experience machine’ occurs to be an equivalent of living in a place where no one can be expected to pay regard for the value of ethics. All that matters herein is pleasure in its ultimate level or concentration so that each individual finds no required commitment to care or even think of someone else’s welfare. Apparently, such person may go through the typical course of virtual life in which one solely lives for oneself, a rather selfish endeavor to ponder about. To assure there could be eternal bliss in a place that mechanically generates object of happiness and takes full control of our senses to be conditioned towards the state of mirth alone and with no trace of low-spiritedness is impossible. As human beings who have initially become acquainted and accustomed to the several truths found in reality, we see our external differences from each other and know primarily that our distinct character traits from the rest of our kind exhibit the fact that each one of us is unique. Because of this, the meaning of happiness may be established as one and the

A Stakeholder In A Pharmaceutical Organization Commerce Essay

A Stakeholder In A Pharmaceutical Organization Commerce Essay A stakeholder in a pharmaceutical organization is an individual or a group of people with one common goal and interest towards the ownership and activities of the organization (Daft, 2011). In a general organizational setup, stakeholders can be divided into two categories, the primary stakeholder and the secondary stakeholder. The primary stakeholders have the utmost responsibility in a company. They include the company suppliers, consumers using the companys pharmaceutical product, the medical research institute, employees working in the organization and the company shareholders. The primary stakeholders form the basic fundamental foundation towards a companys success or failure because of their participation in the direct economical situation. The secondary stakeholders do not have an integral part in the economic process but they are as useful as the primary stakeholders are. These include the government, trade unions, the media, and political parties and action groups (Hellriegel , Jackson Slocum, 2007). In terms of management, having an organization run by individuals can result to the greed and misuse of finances. According to research carried out, about sixty nine percent of corporate executives do not consider the general publics best interest while making decisions and another ninety four percent of corporate executives make their decisions first and foremost on the foundation of making an advancement in their own line of business (Daft, 2011). In modern companies, there are two forms of ownership. The ownership theory of a company is one form of ownership. Here an individual owns the company. The sole purpose of the company is to make great profits over the years with its stakeholders interests at heart. The stakeholder theory of ownership is the other form of company ownership. This theory argues that such companies have the sole responsibility of promoting good work ethics and create value for the society. Even though the stakeholder theory aims at making profits, it should s trive to ensure it creates a source of income for others especially the large community. Corporate stakeholders and respond to their issues Corporate management Stakeholders in a pharmaceutical company are divided into stages. The first stage of stakeholders includes the key management of the company like the corporate executives, marketing, and the leaders who offer their opinion regarding the pharmaceutical industry like the consultants. Their key issue is to establish a growth strategy of the company, enhance transparency, and manage potential harm towards stakeholders and the society and code of ethics among the various departments in the company (Kolb Schwartz, 2009). Since the community and the pharmaceutical company are interdependent, the main purpose of the company is to maintain and adapt to the corporate social responsibility (Hellriegel, Jackson Slocum, 2007). A good example is the risks involved when it comes to patients and drugs. An ideal management in a pharmaceutical company would consider the provision of drugs, which will help increase chances of survival instead of trying to avoid patient risk. Regulatory Institutions The second third stage of pharmaceutical stakeholders includes the regulatory institutions. Regulatory institutions are establishments that take part in ensuring the drugs that have been manufactured are of the right quality, and manufactured as per the stipulated mandate and drug manufacturing requirements (Freeman, Velamuri Moriarty, 2006). When a drug has been developed and it meets the requirements of the relevant drug regulatory body, it obtains permit for consumption by the society. A regulatory stakeholder is of great importance especially in the society. It helps prevent the sale of medicine, which is of low quality or medicine sold by pharmaceutical companies that can be detrimental to ones health. The regulatory bodies are also responsible in promotion of manufactured drugs to the market and in the process, they help influence the companys investments and expertise. The regulatory institutions act as consultants regarding drug related issues. Marketing The third stage of pharmaceutical stakeholder involves the marketing team in the company. Marketing pharmaceutical drugs require good advertising skills and sufficient consumer research. Employing the use of strategic marketing is appealing and attracts the end user. This method also helps in dealing with companies that produce similar drugs known as Me-Too drugs. Me-Too drugs have similar chemical compound to the existing drug and they perform similar action performance towards ones body. Good marketing strategy of the pharmaceutical organization will ensure the genuine drug that has been produced is sold at a fairly reasonable price and curb competition from other companies (Freeman, Velamuri Moriarty, 2006). Research and Development Another important stakeholder in this stage is the team that takes part in research and development of a pharmaceutical drug. The biopharmaceutical research and industry paves way to discovering new and efficient drugs (Babler, 2011). Past medical research has been conducted on traditional medical outcomes and remedies then regarded as a discovery. Due to modernized biological technology, research has focused on understanding the different diseases and how they affect the human immune system. This extensive research has also led to discoveries of how to manipulate the human body in a bid to counteract the disease without damaging the cells inside ones system (Babler, 2011). Through research, development of new drugs has become possible. As stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry, scientists who carry out biopharmaceutical research with the help of doctors, chemists and regulatory experts work together to ensure there is the successful development of a drug and it has been approve d for consumption (Babler, 2011). This helps in providing a clean source of treatment to the society. End User The end user is the fourth stage of pharmaceutical stakeholder ship. This includes the general public, patients, health providers, health related institutions and the government. The doctors and hospitals as the health providers ensure that approved drugs manufactured and sold by the pharmaceutical companies are put to the right use. Certain drugs like morphine are addictive and if misused, they could turn to be dangerous and lethal therefore the need to be under control. It is only the medical practitioner who is in a position to administer use of such pharmaceutical drugs. The government has a major role to play in the pharmaceutical industry. One of its core roles is the funding of research and development of medical related devices (Babler, 2011). They help in creating incentives for smaller pharmaceutical companies so that they may come up with an independent research on new patent drugs. The government through the Food and Drug Administration is also responsible for approval of safe drugs that are effective (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). The government through the congress is responsible for coming up with stringent measures regarding the manufacture of drugs and fraud related cases by pharmaceutical companies (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). The role of the industry in its economic, political and social setting Economic role In the society, a business enterprise is the basic unit of the economy (Daft, 2011). The pharmaceutical company being a business institution produces goods for consumption and services too. These goods and services are essential for a societys well being because the drugs are used to treat various diseases that affect individuals. In the process, the company strives ahead and maximizes its profits for the companys shareholders and team members. This in turn improves the economy of the nation since the workers earn a living, the government taxes are paid and other stakeholders including the society benefit from the company. An example includes the Pfizer pharmaceutical company, one of the largest drug related companies, which is involved in offering grants and scholarships to institutional based healthcare facilities. They are also involved in scholarship programs with the neediest individuals in the society thus making them better individuals (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). Over the p revious years, the American pharmaceutical companies are making such tremendous milestones in terms of economic development as compared to other manufacturing related companies (National Academies Press, 2012). When it comes to price regulation of drug in the society, the pharmaceutical company plays an important role. With the emergence of new pharmaceutical companies, the drug industry has become competitive to the extent of the existence of market power in the economy because of the production of patent drugs (Danzon, 2006). In the American health care, insurance companies have taken a major role in ensuring the American citizens get the required medical treatment at a subsidized price. This move has enabled the pharmaceutical companies to lower the prices of their drugs to suit the needs of the American economic society. In addition, the pharmaceutical companies have resulted to address the economic issues of the society through developing drugs that have the same effect as the patent drug known as me too and then repackaging into similar quantities but in different sachets or economic friendly containers so as to suit the financial capabilities of the majority in the society. At the sa me time, this move boosts the corporate sales due to the increase in market demand. Price regulation in a country affects the availability of drugs in the country as well as other countries Social role In a society, there are rules and guidelines that ought to be followed for an effective and cordial relationship. These rules define the importance of what a good society ought to be. The pharmaceutical companies being part of the society have to follow the legal rules with regard to the corporate rules (Hellriegel, Jackson Slocum, 2007). The major role of a pharmaceutical company to the society is discovering and developing new vaccines and drugs (Babler, 2011). HIV and AIDS are a major challenge to the society, and numerous pharmaceutical companies have undertaken an indepth research of determining the cure with about two hundred different drugs and vaccines both in developing and developed nations (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). Most pharmaceutical companies opt to conduct such research independently but others would try and incorporate the stakeholders. According to most of the pharmaceutical companies vision of creating and developing quality medicines to save millions of lives and at the same time improve the global lifestyles of people, these industries have continued to expand their all time efforts in making sure the needy patients in the society receive the medicines they require (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). One corporate social responsibility the pharmaceutical company has towards the social well being is by addressing the issue of HIV and AIDS. These companies have created platforms that increase the awareness among potential victims. The companies have also ensured the ease of use and convenience of patient friendly and potent drugs, together with disease therapy acts at ensuring the well being of a society (Freeman, Velamuri Moriarty, 2006). This move is crucial towards maintaining the corporate stakeholder relationship and trust. In the long run, the sick patient will be faithful in taking the pharmaceutical companys medication to manage the disease better and the company would have obtained its financial gains together with the patient trust on their products. Political role In the drug manufacturing companies, the pharmaceutical companies are by far the majority producers of drugs and they have an expected global budget of about sixteen billion dollars (Abraham, 2002). The demand market of a pharmaceutical company is tremendously high regardless of the economy (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). Each and every new day there are new cases of disease outbreaks that require urgent medical attention. The health care remains constant regardless of the changing economic conditions (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). These pharmaceutical companies make a lot of money in the form of profits at the expense of the majority of the American citizens and in most cases, citizens from the third world countries. Even though the pharmaceutical companies are making tremendous steps in addressing eminent diseases, the public health interests of individuals and the commercial interests of the pharmaceutical company tend to coincide (Abraham, 2002), thus making clinical trials become hard and expensive because human rights activists have addressed this issue and many developed countries tend to avoid such participation. In the American political scene, pharmaceutical companies do not have the mandate to distribute drugs directly to patients. They pass through the government related health care agencies (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). These agencies are responsible for determining and handling the import and export regulations. These government agencies tend to have an important political factor in determining the manufacturing, production and distribution of certain companies. Since the state management is responsible for protecting and ensuring the safety of the general publics health, they have developed a system that regulates the drugs from the pharmaceutical companies (Abraham, 2002). These regulations can confirm whether the drugs produced are safe, and they meet the standards for consumption by people. In developing a drug in America, it takes six years for the drug to be tested and approved (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). After such strenuous efforts, just a few drugs that have been manufact ured by the pharmaceutical companies end up being consumed by the public. This combined with the fact that it costs a lot of money for research and testing, and the fact that the FDA is in charge of setting the guidelines in accordance with the other major regulations for the manufacture of the drugs (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). Since the pharmaceutical companies want the safety and efficiency standards of the Food and Drug Administration to be high and avoid future drug related legal and medical disasters, which cause a bad reputation for the company, they strictly adhere to the rules and regulations (Abraham, 2002). In case the pharmaceutical companies interests tend to conflict with the public health, the government agencies role becomes very crucial. The more a pharmaceutical company influences the perception of the government agencies, the better it stands at lobbying such government agencies to act at their interests (Abraham, 2002). A number of FDA officials tend to work together with the companies in ensuring the FDA directives are not broken due and the drug companies have no queries whatsoever with such agencies. The reason for this act is because the FDA is a government agency that tends to be problematic towards adherence of the strictest health regulations of the pharmaceutical companies, and the majority of the FDA authorities started to work in the pharmaceutical company level as scientists and low-level employees. Most FDA employees would rather seek re-employment in the companies they worked for at higher career level (Abraham, 2002) because of the good monthly package and the more than appealing severance pay they get at retirement. In the American market, pharmaceutical companies have another important role to play. When it comes to the American elections, large multinational companies seek to support one candidate to become the president so that in future, they might be of help to the company. The pharmaceutical companies tend to offer their more than generous support in the political parties with more chances of winning the elections. This in turn will ensure there is a form of gratitude from the political parties and members of the congress in terms of amending certain health care bills in the companys favor thus lobbying the congress (Williams, Gabe Davis, 2009). Accountability is another role the pharmaceutical companies play in terms of politics. The pharmaceutical industries have an upper hand in gaining major political influence and support with regards to drug regulation (Abraham, 2002). These companies can be able to persuade the government and drug and health care related organizations that other parties interested in the manufacture of drugs and their consumption, like the consumer based industries, the medical and scientific society can have minimal or no rights at all in the access of the FDA regulatory process (Abraham, 2002). Domestic and international ethics Ethics can be defined as the moral beliefs that help an individual determine what is right or wrong (Daft, 2011). In work ethics, it would be wrong if one individual makes decisions based on their perception in a bid to gain at the expense of other stakeholders. An organization incorporating a self-regulating mechanism that monitors, guides and ensures compliance of the law is one that has been built on ethical and social grounds in relation to the business model of philosophy (Daft, 2011). Even though the pharmaceutical industry has made a tremendous progress in terms of research and the development of drugs that can treat malignant diseases like cancer, tension has emanated between the consumers and the company. Many feel that the pharmaceutical companies are not doing their social responsibility as expected. Human experimentation is an important advancement of scientific research. Clinical trials serve as a means of confirming the effectiveness of a drug as per the government health care agencies (Valverde, 2001). Even though these clinical trials are expensive, and have steep regulations to adhere to, they provide health care to the underprivileged communities. With the huge number of pharmaceutical trials being conducted, a growing number of Americans have reported that the experimental drugs have been problematic due to ethical issue, exploitation; globalization of clinical trials deems the only suitable solution. This has prompted the pharmaceutical companies to outsource from other nations especially the third world countries because of the level of ignorance, cost implications, and the fact that regulations in such nations are not as strict as those in America. According to current research, the majority of the clinical drugs tested in the developing nations forms the basic development and approval of the new patent drugs in the developed nations. These drugs are extremely expensive and it is only the citizens of wealthy nations who can access and enjoy the benefits of such health care (NBAC). Because clinical trial in other countries has become popular with pharmaceutical companies, worldwide health organizations have come together in a bid to secure the future of the participants taking part in the clinical trial and as well to protect their human rights. The United Nations and the World Health Organization are among the international human rights agencies that have steered the campaign (Lee, 2010). The goals of these organizations are to ensure the better protection of the trial participants health and human rights. The other goal of these organizations is to ensure that the pharmaceutical companies inform their participants about the risks and benefits that come about with the research on the new drug. The pharmaceutical company ought to inform the trial patients that as per the health care regulations, one ought to consider the health implications before venturing into such tasks, and it should be an individuals free will to participate in such research (Lee, 2010). Ecological and natural resources Pharmaceutical companies in a bid to conserve their environment, they have become very active and in the process, achieving very impressive results. One way is by enacting strict rules and regulations regarding the environmental conservation. Sustaining an ecological system in accordance to the plant and animal life becomes a stepping-stone in improving the environment (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). Even though the amounts of waste produced by pharmaceutical corporations are insignificant as compared to the other multinational corporations, they still play an important role in environmental stewardship (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). With an organizations growth, there comes the need to deal with certain environmental concerns including soil and water pollution. This helps in conserving the ecology from contamination and extinction. Global warming has caused so many problems because of pollution and as per the Environmental agencies directives, numerous pharmaceutical companies have introduce d new and clean manufacturing processes that reduce waste production and minimize the negative ecological impact. Taking a look into the pharmaceutical companies, they consist of other subsidiary businesses that are involved in manufacturing, processing and formulating the medicinal chemicals in pharmaceutical products that can be consumed readily. The process of converting the botanical products into powder form and the formulating them into capsules, suspension or ointments can be very risky to the environment. Another thing about pharmaceutical companies is that they tend to focus on two major areas of human research that is in vitro and in vivo (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). The pharmaceutical products that are produced include vaccines, human and animal blood derivatives, blood plasma, and the toxoids (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). The process of manufacturing such products in this sector of research tends to be dangerous because of the radioactive, biological and chemical wastes they produce, which have adverse environmental impacts (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). According to research carried out by t he multinational health care corporations, quite a number of these organizations have realized that their company facilities can cause environmental pollution and be detrimental to the safety and health of their primary stakeholders (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). An environment that has been polluted by commercial activities can lower the quality of life in such areas the organization is located and being a fortune five hundred company, they tend to suffer a lot of financial losses in the process. Adopting the Environmental Management Systems, EMS is the other way the pharmaceutical companies have taken an integral part in safeguarding the natural and ecological resources. These management systems comply with the International Organization for Standardizations (ISO) 14000 guide that advocates the reduction of waste products and the negative environmental degradation by a pharmaceutical company as a result of the processes related to manufacturing and production (Berry RondJnelli, 2000). The fundamental elements of an ISO 14000 Environmental Management Systems are; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To define the available public policies regarding management of the environment, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ An organizations well-defined assignment towards management of the environment, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Management programs addressing a business and its relation to the environment in the companys performance plans, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Process of reviewing the management in order to have a continuous environmental performance and improvement, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programs that ease the work of measuring, assessing auditing, and reporting the performance results of environmental management. Social issues As a result of creating awareness and improving the global standards, there was a need for the regulatory boards concerned with the pharmaceutical companies to come together and standardize the safety regulations and quality associated with consumers so as to provide safe and quality products efficiently (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). Different nations came together under their various health care organizations to form standardized health care measures especially in addressing pharmaceutical companies and their role in production of drugs. The International Conference on Harmonization, ICH was a body created by several nations in order to represent the regulatory organizations and industries that deal with carrying out research (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). The pharmaceutical companies while addressing the emerging global issues are trying to attempt their participation in the business industry by coming up with standards that ensure the safety of the product. The majority of these organizations are addressing incumbent social norms towards attaining a sustainable society. This boosts their trust among the society further in addition to being successful companies in the past (Castner, Hayes Shankle, 2007). Rating pharmaceutical companies relating to Social issues While rating the pharmaceutical companies, I think they are in a better position to achieve more in creating awareness and improving global standards. Numerous nations are ignorant about the new rules and regulations surrounding health care. Instead of pharmaceutical companies taking advantage of them like the way a majority of such companies are doing, they ought to educate them and make them conversant about the current societal activities and enlighten such communities about the guidelines of conducting clinical tests. Pharmaceutical companies should form partnerships with government agencies in the developing world to come up with strategies of involving them not only as lab rats but as important stakeholders in the process of developing medicinal drugs at the least environmental degradation. Pharmaceutical companies overall performance in accordance with the core values of Saint Leo University Saint Leo University is a Catholic University, and it upholds high levels of integrity in terms of achieving their core values and objectives. The pharmaceutical companies ought to emulate the values set aside in attainment of the stipulated code of ethics in the workplace. In my opinion, pharmaceutical companies have strived greatly in achieving the same core values like Saint Leo University. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Excellence: In terms of excellence, pharmaceutical companies have made a tremendous milestone in the discovery of drugs that can help in curing diseases especially the malignant diseases like cancer, and HIV and AIDS. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Community: Pharmaceutical companies have strived hard to ensure there is interdependence between the company and its stakeholders while progressing to making medical discoveries. They encourage the spirit of belonging among their staff members and the society. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Respect: By respecting the environment, the pharmaceutical companies have attained the admiration and trust by the society. In helping conserve the environment, the companies have helped to solve a huge menace to the society. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Responsible stewardship: Stewardship is the act of adopting something and owning it. The bid by pharmaceutical companies in owning their society and conserving it ensures they have maximum optimization of the available resources but at minimal environmental and resource depletion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Integrity: Pharmaceutical companies have created trust and honesty among the company stakeholders and shareholders. Being transparent in the financial objectives has been a stepping stone in accomplishing its goals and responsibilities. Building company- societal trust ensures integrity too.